Throckmorton County

Throckmorton County is a rural county in north-central Texas, situated in the Rolling Plains west of the Dallas–Fort Worth area and south of Wichita Falls. Established in the mid-19th century and organized in the early 1900s, it developed as part of the region’s ranching frontier and later expanded into farming and oil and gas activity typical of West and North Texas. The county is small in population, numbering roughly 1,500 residents, with settlement concentrated in and around its only incorporated community. The landscape features gently rolling grasslands, intermittent creeks, and open rangeland, supporting cattle ranching and related agricultural uses; energy production has also influenced local employment and land use. Community life is characteristic of sparsely populated Texas counties, with services and government centered in the county seat, Throckmorton.

Throckmorton County is a rural county in north-central Texas on the Rolling Plains, west of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and east of the South Plains. The county seat is Throckmorton, and the county is part of the broader West Texas regional economy and settlement pattern.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts page for Throckmorton County, Texas, the county’s population was 1,447 (2020 Census).

Age & Gender

County-level age distribution and sex (gender) composition are published by the U.S. Census Bureau. The most direct official tables are available via data.census.gov (Decennial Census and American Community Survey tables for Throckmorton County, Texas). QuickFacts also summarizes key age and sex indicators on its county page: Throckmorton County, Texas (QuickFacts).

Racial & Ethnic Composition

County-level racial and ethnic composition (including Hispanic/Latino origin) is published by the U.S. Census Bureau and summarized on QuickFacts for Throckmorton County. Official detailed breakdowns by race, alone/combined categories, and Hispanic origin are also accessible through data.census.gov.

Household & Housing Data

Household counts, average household size, and housing characteristics (occupied vs. vacant units, homeownership, and housing unit totals) are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau for Throckmorton County in both summary form and detailed tables. Summary household and housing indicators appear on QuickFacts, while detailed household and housing tables are available through data.census.gov (ACS and Decennial Census products for Throckmorton County, Texas).

Local Government Reference

For local government contacts and county-level planning and administrative information, use the Throckmorton County official website.

Throckmorton County is a sparsely populated, rural county in North Central Texas, where long distances between households and limited last‑mile infrastructure tend to constrain always‑on connectivity and make digital communication more dependent on service availability.

Direct county-level email usage statistics are generally not published; email adoption is therefore inferred from proxy indicators such as household broadband subscription and computer access reported by the U.S. Census Bureau (data.census.gov) and summarized through QuickFacts for Throckmorton County.

Digital access indicators: American Community Survey–derived measures on broadband subscriptions and computer ownership provide the most relevant signals for email access, since email use typically requires reliable internet and a suitable device.

Age distribution: The county’s population skews older relative to many Texas counties (per Census demographic profiles), a pattern associated with lower adoption of online services and less frequent email use in population studies.

Gender distribution: Census sex distributions are typically near parity and are not a primary constraint on access compared with age and connectivity.

Connectivity limitations: Rural service territories often face fewer provider options and higher per‑mile deployment costs; federal rural broadband program data from the FCC National Broadband Map is commonly used to contextualize these gaps.

Throckmorton County is a sparsely populated, largely rural county in north-central Texas on the Rolling Plains region, with the county seat in Throckmorton. Low population density, long distances between population centers, and flat-to-gently rolling terrain typical of the region generally favor wide-area radio propagation, while the economics of serving few customers per mile of infrastructure can limit the depth of mobile network buildout and the availability of high-capacity backhaul. Baseline population and housing context is available from the U.S. Census Bureau’s QuickFacts for Throckmorton County.

Key distinction: network availability vs. household adoption

• Network availability (supply-side) refers to where mobile voice and mobile broadband networks are reported as serviceable (coverage), and what technologies are advertised (e.g., LTE/4G, 5G).
• Household adoption (demand-side) refers to whether residents subscribe to mobile service, rely on mobile data for internet access, and what devices they use (smartphones vs. other).

County-level availability can be summarized from federal broadband coverage reporting, while county-level adoption metrics are more limited and often appear only in multi-county regional datasets or at higher geographies (state, metro/non-metro, or national).

Mobile penetration or access indicators (adoption)

County-specific mobile subscription rates are not consistently published in a single official series for every U.S. county. The most commonly cited public, standardized adoption measures are at the household level (internet subscription types) rather than “mobile penetration” as a standalone metric.

• Household internet subscription indicators (including cellular data plans): The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) publishes tables on whether households have an internet subscription and the type (including “cellular data plan”). These tables can be accessed via data.census.gov (search for Throckmorton County, TX and ACS “Internet Subscription” tables).
  • Limitation: For very small counties, ACS 1-year estimates are typically unavailable and 5-year estimates can carry large margins of error. This constrains precision for Throckmorton County specifically.
• Phone service substitution (mobile-only households): The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) publishes “wireless-only” vs. “landline” trends primarily at national and regional levels. County-level estimates are generally not provided in the core public releases. See the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) program pages for methodology and published wireless substitution reports.
  • Limitation: Not county-resolved for Throckmorton County in standard tables.

Mobile internet usage patterns and technology (4G/5G) — availability

4G LTE availability

• LTE is the baseline mobile broadband layer across most of the United States, including rural Texas. County-level technology availability is generally assessed using provider-reported coverage polygons and location-based broadband availability reporting.
• The primary federal source for coverage reporting is the FCC’s Broadband Data Collection (BDC), accessible through the FCC National Broadband Map. The map provides:
  • Reported availability of mobile broadband by provider
  • Reported technology generations and service types
  • Downloadable datasets and a challenge process

Limitation: FCC mobile coverage is provider-reported and model-based; it indicates where service is claimed available, not measured performance at every point.

5G availability

• 5G in rural counties is often uneven, typically present in and around towns and along major travel corridors first, with broader-area “low-band” 5G sometimes extending farther than higher-frequency 5G layers.
• Throckmorton County’s current reported 5G footprint and provider presence are best referenced directly in the FCC National Broadband Map under mobile broadband layers.
• Limitation: The FCC map reports availability by provider submission; it does not guarantee indoor coverage, capacity at peak times, or device compatibility.

Actual usage patterns (adoption-side) vs. advertised coverage

• Actual mobile internet usage patterns at county level (e.g., share of residents primarily using mobile data, typical throughput, daily usage intensity) are not routinely published as official county statistics.
• The most standardized public indicator related to reliance on mobile for internet is the ACS household measure indicating an internet subscription via cellular data plan, accessible via data.census.gov.
  • Limitation: This measure reflects subscription presence at the household, not intensity of use, plan quality, or whether mobile is the sole connection.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

• County-level device-type distributions (smartphone vs. basic phone vs. tablet/hotspot) are not commonly available from official public sources. Most device ownership statistics are published at national or broad regional levels (e.g., Pew Research) rather than by county.
• Related household technology ownership (computer and broadband subscription status) can be referenced through ACS tables on computing devices and internet subscriptions via data.census.gov.
  • Interpretation limitation: ACS distinguishes categories such as “smartphone,” “tablet,” “desktop/laptop,” and “other,” but small-county sample sizes can yield wide margins of error in 5-year estimates.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage and connectivity

Rural settlement pattern and population density

• Throckmorton County’s small population and low density (see Census QuickFacts) influence:
  • Network economics: fewer subscribers per tower and per mile of backhaul can slow upgrades and reduce competitive redundancy.
  • Coverage vs. capacity: wide-area coverage may exist, while capacity and consistent high speeds can vary by site backhaul and spectrum.

Terrain and land use

• The Rolling Plains landscape is generally conducive to macro-cell coverage due to relatively unobstructed horizons compared with mountainous regions, but:
  • Distance and dispersion still require more sites for consistent service across ranchland and low-density roads.
  • Indoor signal can remain inconsistent in older construction materials or metal-sided structures common in rural settings (general radio propagation consideration; not a county-specific measurement).

Age structure and income

• Detailed demographic structure is available through the ACS for the county (age, income, poverty status) via data.census.gov.
• Limitation: Direct, county-specific causal links between demographic variables and smartphone adoption are not published as official county-level mobile device statistics; relationships are generally inferred from national studies and are not stated here as county-specific facts.

County-level limitations and recommended authoritative sources

• Availability (coverage): Best sourced from the FCC National Broadband Map (mobile broadband availability by provider and technology).
• Adoption (household subscription types): Best sourced from data.census.gov using ACS tables on internet subscriptions (including cellular data plans) and device ownership.
• State context and planning references: The Texas Broadband Development Office (BDO) provides statewide broadband planning and related resources.
  • Limitation: State resources typically emphasize broadband broadly; county-specific mobile adoption metrics may not be published as a single consolidated indicator.

Summary

• Network availability: LTE/4G and some level of 5G are assessed most directly through provider-reported FCC coverage data; this reflects reported serviceability rather than universal performance.
• Household adoption: The most standardized public county-level indicators relate to whether households subscribe to internet service via a cellular data plan and what devices are present, available from ACS on data.census.gov but subject to sampling limitations in small counties.
• Device types and usage intensity: Robust county-level smartphone share, feature phone prevalence, and detailed usage behavior are generally not available in official public datasets; published measures are typically national or regional rather than county-resolved.

Throckmorton County is a sparsely populated county in north-central Texas anchored by the City of Throckmorton, with an economy historically tied to ranching, agriculture, and local services. Like many rural Texas counties, social media use is shaped by an older age profile, long travel distances for services, and reliance on online channels for local news, community events, and maintaining ties with family outside the county.

User statistics (penetration/active use)

• Local (county-specific) social media penetration: Publicly available surveys rarely publish statistically reliable social media penetration estimates at the county level for very small populations such as Throckmorton County. As a result, most credible reporting relies on statewide and national benchmarks rather than direct county measurement.
• National benchmark (adults): About 69% of U.S. adults report using social media, according to Pew Research Center’s Social Media Fact Sheet. Rural counties typically track below urban/suburban usage, primarily due to older age distribution and broadband access differences, as described in Pew Research Center’s internet and broadband research.
• Texas context: County-level variation in connectivity and device access influences usage; statewide broadband and adoption patterns are summarized by federal data sources such as the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) (internet subscription and device ownership tables), which is commonly used as a proxy for the capacity to participate on social platforms.

Age group trends (highest-use groups)

Based on national patterns reported by Pew, social media use is highest among younger adults and declines with age:

• 18–29: Highest overall usage across platforms; most likely to use multiple platforms.
• 30–49: High usage; often blends social, marketplace, and community-group functions.
• 50–64: Moderate usage; tends to concentrate on fewer platforms.
• 65+: Lowest usage, though participation has increased over time, with stronger preference for platforms perceived as straightforward and community-oriented.
  Source: Pew Research Center social media metrics by age.

Gender breakdown

Nationally, gender differences are generally platform-specific rather than uniform across “all social media”:

• Women are more likely than men to use certain socially oriented platforms (notably Pinterest), and are also highly represented on Facebook and Instagram usage in many surveys.
• Men tend to be more represented on platforms oriented around news, forums, or certain video/creator ecosystems in some datasets, though patterns vary by platform and time period.
  Source: Pew Research Center platform-by-platform demographic breakdowns.

Most-used platforms (with percentages where available)

County-specific platform shares are not commonly published for very small counties; the most reliable percentage estimates are national (Pew):

• YouTube: 83% of U.S. adults
• Facebook: 68%
• Instagram: 47%
• Pinterest: 35%
• TikTok: 33%
• LinkedIn: 30%
• WhatsApp: 29%
• Snapchat: 27%
• X (formerly Twitter): 22%
  Source: Pew Research Center Social Media Fact Sheet.

Rural community information-sharing commonly concentrates on Facebook (local groups, announcements, event promotion) and YouTube (how-to, entertainment, and news clips), with Instagram and TikTok skewing younger.

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns and preferences)

• Community bulletin-board behavior: Rural counties commonly show heavy reliance on Facebook pages and groups for local updates (schools, churches, civic groups, weather impacts, and small-business announcements). This concentrates engagement into commenting and sharing within a small number of community hubs rather than broad influencer-following behavior.
• Video-first consumption: High overall YouTube reach nationally supports strong use for practical needs (repairs, agriculture and equipment content, local/regional news clips). Pew’s platform reach consistently places YouTube at the top nationally (Pew platform reach data).
• Age-driven platform split:
  • Younger residents and those connected to schools tend to drive Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok usage and short-form video engagement.
  • Older adults tend to focus on Facebook for keeping up with family/community and YouTube for passive viewing.
• Lower emphasis on professional networking: Platforms such as LinkedIn generally correlate with higher levels of formal professional/office-based employment and larger labor markets; rural counties often show lower relative intensity even when accounts exist (consistent with national demographic correlations reported by Pew for LinkedIn users).
• Engagement timing: In rural areas, engagement often clusters around local event schedules (school activities, county events, sports) and situational needs (weather closures, emergency notices), with spikes in sharing and comment activity around time-sensitive posts—most visibly on Facebook community pages and groups.

Throckmorton County family- and associate-related public records primarily include Texas vital records and county-recorded documents. Birth and death records are registered at the state level through the Texas Department of State Health Services Vital Statistics Section (Texas Vital Statistics), with local birth/death registrations typically handled through the county clerk for filings and certified-copy processing as authorized. Marriage records are maintained as county clerk records, along with assumed name certificates (DBAs) and other filings that can document household or business associations.

Public databases for county records are commonly provided through the county clerk’s office and may include recorded instruments and marriage records; online availability varies by record type and digitization status. Official county contacts and office information are listed on the county website (Throckmorton County, Texas). In-person access generally occurs through the Throckmorton County Clerk’s office for recorded documents and local filings, and through the district clerk for court records that can reflect family relationships (divorce, guardianship, name change) when not sealed (Throckmorton County District Clerk).

Privacy restrictions apply to many family records. Texas birth records are restricted for a statutory period, and adoption records are sealed except under limited circumstances. Some court records involving minors, family violence, or sensitive matters may be confidential or redacted. Identity verification and fees are standard for certified copies and restricted records.

Types of records available

• Marriage license records (and related returns/certificates)
  Marriage in Throckmorton County is documented through a marriage license issued by the Throckmorton County Clerk. After the ceremony, the officiant completes the license return, and the clerk records it in the county’s marriage records.

• Divorce records (district court case files and decrees)
  Divorce is handled as a civil case in the district court serving Throckmorton County. The court record typically includes the final decree of divorce and associated filings. The district clerk is the custodian of district court case records.

• Annulment records (court case files and orders)
  Annulments are also handled through the courts and are maintained as district court records. The case file generally includes an order or judgment addressing the annulment and related pleadings.

• State-level vital record indexes and verification
  Texas maintains statewide vital records through the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Vital Statistics Section (VSS). DSHS provides statewide systems for verification/abstracts for certain time periods and purposes, while counties remain the primary source for locally recorded marriage records and court case files.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

• Throckmorton County Clerk (marriage records)

  • Filed/recorded: Marriage licenses and returns are recorded in the County Clerk’s official records.
  • Access: Access is typically provided through the clerk’s office by requesting copies (plain or certified) and by searching marriage record indexes maintained by the office. Some Texas counties also provide limited remote search tools through third-party platforms; availability varies by county and time period.

• Throckmorton County District Clerk (divorce and annulment court records)

  • Filed/recorded: Divorce and annulment case documents are filed in the district court and maintained by the District Clerk, including the final decree or final order.
  • Access: Case file access generally occurs through the District Clerk’s office via case search and copy requests. Access to certain documents may be limited when sealed or restricted by law (see “Privacy or legal restrictions”).

• Texas DSHS Vital Statistics (state-level records and verification)

  • Filed/recorded: DSHS maintains statewide vital statistics systems and can issue certain official records or verification products within statutory limits.
  • Access: Requests are made through DSHS processes for eligible requestors and allowable record types.
  • Reference: Texas DSHS Vital Statistics resources: https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vital-statistics

Typical information included in these records

• Marriage license / marriage record

  • Full names of the parties
  • Date the license was issued and county of issuance
  • Age/date of birth (varies by era and form), and sometimes place of birth
  • Residence information (commonly city/county/state)
  • Name and title of officiant and the date/place of ceremony (as returned on the completed license)
  • Signatures/attestations and recording information (book/page or instrument number)

• Divorce decree / divorce case file

  • Names of the parties and case cause number
  • Court identification and county of filing
  • Date of divorce and judge’s signature
  • Orders on marital status dissolution
  • Orders on property division, debt allocation, and name changes (when applicable)
  • Orders on conservatorship/custody, visitation, and child support (when applicable)
  • Orders on spousal maintenance (when applicable)
  • In some cases, additional filings (petition, waiver/answer, proof of service, orders) are part of the full case file

• Annulment order / annulment case file

  • Names of the parties and case cause number
  • Court identification, findings, and date of judgment/order
  • Legal disposition declaring the marriage void or voidable under Texas law, depending on the grounds asserted
  • Associated pleadings and orders contained in the full case file

Privacy or legal restrictions

• Marriage records

  • County marriage records are generally treated as public records in Texas, but certain data elements may be restricted by law or administrative policy (for example, information protected by identity-security measures or redaction practices applied to specific identifiers).
  • Certified copies are issued by the County Clerk under applicable Texas rules for local government records and vital record custodianship.

• Divorce and annulment court records

  • Court records are generally public, but access can be restricted by:
    • Sealing orders entered by the court
    • Confidential information protections (including redaction requirements for sensitive identifiers in filings)
    • Protective orders and limitations related to family violence or protected addresses
    • Records involving minors, which can trigger confidentiality for certain filings or specific documents
  • Some information contained in a divorce/annulment file may be accessible only in redacted form or may be withheld when confidential under Texas law or court order.

• State vital statistics limitations

  • State-level issuance and verification are governed by Texas vital statistics laws and DSHS administrative rules, including eligibility requirements for certain certified copies and restrictions on certain record formats or time periods.

Throckmorton County is a sparsely populated rural county in North Central Texas on the Rolling Plains, with the City of Throckmorton as the county seat. The county has an older-than-average age profile and a small labor market typical of West Texas counties, with most community services (schools, courthouse, health services, and retail) concentrated in Throckmorton and surrounding ranching areas.

Education Indicators

Public schools (number and names)

• Public school system: Throckmorton Collegiate ISD (single-district countywide system).
• Schools (campus naming varies by year/state directory):
  • Throckmorton Collegiate High School
  • Throckmorton Collegiate Middle School
  • Throckmorton Collegiate Elementary School
    School listings and accountability details are published by the Texas Education Agency (TEA) Texas School Directory (TEA school and district directory).

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

• Student–teacher ratio: Small rural districts in this region typically operate with low student–teacher ratios (often in the low-to-mid teens) due to low enrollment; district-specific ratios are reported in TEA district/campus profiles and annual report cards (TEA Texas Academic Performance Reports (TAPR)).
• Graduation rate: TEA reports 4-year and extended-year graduation rates at the district and campus level in TAPR. Small cohort sizes in Throckmorton County can cause year-to-year volatility, so multi-year context is commonly used in reporting.

Adult educational attainment (county level)

• County adult attainment is tracked in the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) and summarized in county profiles (education table). Throckmorton County’s rural profile is generally characterized by:
  • High school diploma or higher: majority of adults
  • Bachelor’s degree or higher: notably below Texas statewide averages (common for rural West Texas counties)
    Most recent ACS estimates are accessible via data.census.gov (search “Throckmorton County, Texas educational attainment”).

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, AP/dual credit)

• College and career readiness programs: Texas public high schools commonly offer CTE (Career and Technical Education) pathways and industry credentials aligned with TEA frameworks; rural districts frequently emphasize agriculture, business, health science, and skilled trades where staffing and regional demand support them.
• Advanced academics: District offerings often include dual credit and/or Advanced Placement (AP) where course demand supports it; official course/program reporting appears in TAPR and district publications.
• Collegiate ISD model: The district’s “Collegiate” designation indicates a formal focus on early college/dual-credit acceleration, typically implemented through partnerships with regional colleges (program specifics are documented locally and in district materials).

Safety measures and counseling resources

• Texas districts are required to maintain school safety and emergency operations procedures, including drills and threat assessment processes, under statewide school safety statutes and TEA guidance. District- and campus-level safety planning is summarized through district policy postings and TEA-aligned requirements (TEA school safety resources).
• Counseling: Campuses generally provide guidance counseling and referral pathways to regional behavioral health resources; staffing levels in small districts are commonly lean, and services may be shared across campuses.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent)

• The most recent official county unemployment statistics are published monthly/annually through the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Throckmorton County’s rate fluctuates due to a small labor force. Current and historical figures are available through:
  • Texas Workforce Commission labor market data
  • BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)
    Note: A single “most recent year” point estimate is best taken directly from these sources because small counties can show larger swings month-to-month.

Major industries and employment sectors

• The county’s economic base is typical of the Rolling Plains:
  • Agriculture and ranching (notably cattle and associated services)
  • Local government and public services (county government, schools, public safety)
  • Retail and basic services concentrated in Throckmorton
  • Construction and maintenance trades tied to rural property and infrastructure needs
    Sector employment shares and trends are available in ACS “industry by occupation” tables and workforce summaries on data.census.gov.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

• Common occupational groups in similarly structured rural counties include:
  • Management/administration (small business, ranch operations, public administration)
  • Education and healthcare support (school staff, clinics, elder-care related roles)
  • Sales and office (local retail and administrative services)
  • Construction, extraction, and maintenance (building trades, equipment maintenance)
  • Transportation and material moving (regional hauling and service logistics)
    ACS occupation tables provide county-level distributions (subject to margins of error in small populations).

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

• Commuting: Rural counties commonly show a mix of in-county employment (schools, county services, ranching) and out-of-county commuting to larger job centers for healthcare, specialized trades, and retail management.
• Mean commute time: Typically below major-metro Texas averages due to low congestion, though distances can be long; the definitive county mean commute time is reported in ACS commuting tables on data.census.gov.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

• Small counties often have a higher share of residents working outside the county than urban counties because specialized employers are located in regional hubs. The most direct public measure is ACS “place of work”/commuting flow information and related Census products.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership and rental share

• Throckmorton County’s housing profile is predominantly owner-occupied, consistent with rural Texas counties, with a smaller rental market concentrated near the county seat. The official owner/renter shares are reported in ACS housing tenure tables at data.census.gov.

Median property values and trends

• Median home value: Generally well below Texas statewide medians due to low population density and limited housing demand. County median values and multi-year trends are available through ACS “median value (owner-occupied units)” tables on data.census.gov.
• Trends: Rural West Texas counties commonly see modest appreciation relative to major metros, with variability driven by limited sales volume; year-to-year medians can move materially with a small number of transactions.

Typical rent prices

• The county’s rental stock is limited; median gross rent is typically lower than statewide, with a small number of listings and less apartment inventory. ACS “median gross rent” provides the standard county measure on data.census.gov.
  Proxy note: Where ACS margins of error are large due to small sample sizes, regional comparisons (nearby rural counties) are commonly used in planning documents.

Types of housing

• Single-family detached homes dominate within and around Throckmorton.
• Ranch houses and rural homesteads on larger lots are common outside town.
• Apartments/multifamily units exist but represent a small share of total housing units compared with urban Texas counties.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

• The highest concentration of services (schools, courthouse, city offices, grocery/retail, parks) is within Throckmorton, making in-town neighborhoods closer to daily amenities and school campuses. Rural residences trade proximity for acreage and agricultural use.

Property tax overview (rate and typical homeowner cost)

• Texas property taxes are levied by overlapping local jurisdictions (county, school district, city, special districts). For Throckmorton County, a typical bill is driven heavily by the school district tax rate plus county and any city levies.
• Tax rate: Effective tax rates vary by appraisal values and adopted rates; the most authoritative sources are:
  • Throckmorton County Appraisal District (local valuation and taxing unit information; public postings vary by year)
  • Texas Comptroller property tax datasets and levy/rate information (Texas Comptroller property tax overview)
• Typical homeowner cost: Best represented as effective tax rate × taxable value (after exemptions); rural homestead exemptions and agricultural valuations can substantially reduce taxable value for qualifying properties.