Winston County

Winston County is located in east-central Mississippi, within the state’s hill country and bordering Neshoba and Noxubee counties to the south and Oktibbeha County to the west. Established in 1833 and named for Revolutionary War officer Louis Winston, the county developed as a rural agricultural area and later added forestry and light manufacturing to its economic base. Winston County is small in population, with roughly 19,000 residents in the 2020 census, and remains predominantly rural, with small towns and dispersed settlements. The landscape includes rolling wooded terrain, creeks, and a mix of timberland and pasture, reflecting its position in Mississippi’s interior uplands. Local culture and community life are shaped by long-standing agricultural traditions, church-centered social institutions, and regional ties to the Golden Triangle area of east Mississippi. The county seat is Louisville.

Winston County is located in east-central Mississippi, within the Golden Triangle region area between Meridian and Columbus. The county seat is Louisville, and county-level services are provided through local government offices in Louisville.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Winston County, Mississippi, Winston County had an estimated population of 17,530 (2023).

Age & Gender

Age and sex measures for Winston County are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in QuickFacts and detailed tables. For the most current county profile figures, refer to the Winston County QuickFacts demographic characteristics page (Sex and Age sections).

Racial & Ethnic Composition

Race and Hispanic/Latino origin are published by the U.S. Census Bureau for Winston County in QuickFacts and supporting tables. Current county-level composition figures are shown in the Winston County QuickFacts Race and Hispanic Origin section.

Household and Housing Data

Household and housing indicators (including number of households, average household size, homeownership rate, housing units, and related measures) are published in the U.S. Census Bureau’s county profile. See the Winston County QuickFacts Housing and Households sections for the latest county-level values.

Local Government Reference

For local government and planning resources, visit the Winston County government and community resource site (county and local partner information for services and community planning).

Winston County, Mississippi is largely rural with small population centers around Louisville, so longer last‑mile distances and fewer providers tend to constrain fixed broadband buildout and make digital communication more dependent on mobile coverage.

Direct, county-level email usage statistics are generally not published, so email access trends are inferred from proxy indicators such as household internet subscriptions, computer availability, and age structure from the U.S. Census Bureau data portal.

Digital access indicators (proxies for email access)

County estimates for broadband subscriptions and computer access are available through the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) “Computer and Internet Use” tables. Lower broadband subscription and lower in-home computer availability typically correspond to reduced routine email use, especially for tasks requiring attachments or account verification.

Age and email adoption

ACS age distributions for Winston County show a substantial share of residents in older age groups. Older populations are associated with lower adoption of some digital services and greater reliance on in-person or phone communication, influencing overall email uptake.

Gender distribution

ACS sex distributions in Winston County are close to balanced; gender is usually a weaker predictor of email access than broadband/computer availability and age.

Connectivity and infrastructure limitations

Rural fixed-line coverage gaps and variable cellular performance contribute to slower connections and fewer reliable access points. Service availability can be reviewed via the FCC National Broadband Map.

Winston County is located in east-central Mississippi and includes the city of Louisville (the county seat) along with extensive rural areas. The county’s low population density, forested land cover, and dispersed settlement pattern typical of rural Mississippi influence mobile connectivity by increasing the number of cell sites needed for consistent coverage and by making in-building and roadside signal continuity more variable than in denser urban counties.

Data scope and county-level limitations

County-specific statistics on “mobile phone ownership,” “smartphone-only households,” and “mobile broadband adoption” are not consistently published at the county level in a single official series. As a result, Winston County conditions are best described using (1) federal availability datasets (coverage) and (2) household adoption datasets that are often published at broader geographies (state) or through modeled estimates. Availability and adoption are separated below, and sources are provided for verification.

Network availability (coverage) vs. household adoption (use)

Network availability refers to where mobile network service is reported as offered (e.g., 4G LTE/5G coverage maps).
Household adoption refers to whether residents actually subscribe to mobile service and use mobile internet, including reliance on smartphones as a primary connection.

Network availability in Winston County (reported coverage)

4G LTE availability

4G LTE is the baseline mobile broadband technology across most of Mississippi and is generally the dominant coverage layer in rural counties. Reported coverage footprints by carrier can be reviewed using the FCC’s official availability mapping:

• FCC’s National Broadband Map (mobile availability layers): FCC National Broadband Map (toggle to mobile, view LTE/5G by provider and location)

Because Winston County contains a mix of small towns, state highways, and large rural tracts, FCC-reported LTE availability can vary by provider and by the confidence of modeled coverage in less-populated areas. The FCC map is the primary public reference for location-specific checks.

5G availability (and typical rural pattern)

5G in rural Mississippi is commonly concentrated around population centers, major road corridors, and areas where carriers have upgraded existing towers. Two broad 5G categories appear in availability reporting:

• Low-band 5G, which can cover larger areas but often provides speeds closer to LTE depending on backhaul and spectrum conditions.
• Mid-band 5G, which often provides higher performance but tends to be more limited geographically in rural areas.

The FCC map provides the most consistent public view of reported 5G coverage by technology and carrier at the local level:

• FCC mobile 5G/LTE availability layers

County-level “percentage covered by 5G” is not consistently published as an official metric; the map is the authoritative method for identifying where 5G is reported within Winston County.

Factors affecting real-world mobile performance (distinct from availability)

Even where service is reported as “available,” user experience can differ due to:

• Tower spacing and terrain/vegetation (forests and rolling terrain can reduce signal strength and increase dead spots)
• Backhaul limits (cell sites dependent on limited backhaul can constrain speeds at peak times)
• In-building attenuation (metal roofs, newer insulated construction, and distance from towers can reduce indoor coverage)

These factors influence performance but are not measured directly by availability layers.

Household adoption and mobile internet use (what residents actually use)

Mobile subscription and internet adoption indicators (county-level availability constraints)

The most commonly cited federal adoption statistics are published at the state or national level rather than by county, particularly for smartphone ownership and mobile-only reliance. For baseline adoption context and definitions, the primary federal sources are:

• U.S. Census Bureau broadband and computer access tables (often state-level or for larger geographies): Census.gov computer and internet access
• American Community Survey (ACS) “Internet subscription” categories (includes cellular data plans as an internet subscription type; many ACS tables are not designed to be definitive for smaller counties year-to-year): data.census.gov

For Winston County specifically, ACS-based estimates can be accessed through data.census.gov, but margins of error can be large in small-population rural counties. This constrains the precision of county-only statements about mobile-only households or smartphone reliance.

Smartphone vs. non-smartphone device types

No single official county-series consistently reports the share of residents using smartphones versus basic/feature phones. In practice, smartphone use tends to track broader statewide and national trends, but Winston County–specific smartphone share is not published as a standard county indicator in the FCC availability products or ACS internet subscription tables.

Device-type patterns that can be documented with existing public datasets at local scale are typically indirect:

• Cellular data plan subscriptions (ACS category) indicate mobile internet subscriptions but not the device type used.
• Mobile coverage maps indicate network capability but not what devices households own.

Mobile internet usage patterns (LTE vs. 5G) in a rural county context

In rural counties like Winston County, mobile internet usage commonly reflects:

• LTE as the default wide-area layer, supporting general web, social media, and streaming with performance dependent on congestion and backhaul.
• Localized 5G usage where 5G is present, often near towns and major routes, with inconsistent continuity across remote areas.

The best publicly available method to distinguish likely LTE versus 5G use within the county is location-based comparison using the FCC’s map:

• FCC coverage by technology (LTE/5G) and provider

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage and connectivity

Rural settlement pattern and population density

Winston County’s rural character affects both availability and adoption:

• Availability impact: fewer customers per square mile reduces the economic incentive for dense tower deployment, increasing reliance on fewer sites covering larger areas.
• Adoption impact: households outside fixed broadband footprints may rely more on mobile data plans for internet access, but county-specific “mobile-only” rates are not reliably published as an official county metric.

Income, age, and digital access factors

Demographic variables that often correlate with mobile-only internet reliance (such as lower income, renters, and younger adults) are usually measured through ACS at broader levels or with uncertainty at small geographies. County-level demographic context can be obtained from:

• U.S. Census Bureau (ACS demographic profiles via data.census.gov)

These demographic patterns can influence adoption, but Winston County-specific mobile-only or smartphone-only household rates are not consistently available in a definitive county series.

Transportation corridors and land cover

Coverage tends to be stronger and upgraded earlier:

• Along state and U.S. highways and around Louisville
• In areas with existing tower infrastructure and feasible backhaul

Forested areas and dispersed homes increase variability, particularly indoors and in low-lying or obstructed locations.

State and local planning references (context for connectivity efforts)

Mississippi’s statewide broadband planning and challenge processes provide context on where connectivity gaps are documented, though these programs often emphasize fixed broadband. Relevant references include:

• Mississippi Broadband Office / BEAD-related information (Mississippi Broadband Association portal) (state-level broadband context and initiatives; not a county adoption dataset)
• FCC broadband data processes and availability layers: FCC National Broadband Map

Summary (availability vs adoption)

• Availability (network): LTE is generally widespread as the foundational mobile broadband layer; 5G is typically more localized in rural counties and best verified at specific locations using the FCC’s mobile availability layers.
• Adoption (households): definitive county-level statistics for smartphone ownership, mobile-only households, and detailed mobile usage patterns are limited; ACS tables can provide partial indicators (such as cellular data plan subscriptions) but may carry large margins of error for a rural county.

Winston County is a rural county in east‑central Mississippi anchored by Louisville (the county seat) and a network of small communities. Local employment is shaped by government, education, health services, retail, and manufacturing typical of the region, and the county’s relatively low population density and older age profile (compared with large metros) tend to align with heavier use of Facebook and YouTube than newer, youth‑skewing platforms. County context and demographics are summarized by the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts profile for Winston County.

User statistics (penetration / active use)

• Overall adult social media use (benchmark): About 69% of U.S. adults report using at least one social media site, based on the most commonly cited national survey series from Pew Research Center’s Social Media Fact Sheet.
• Local implication for Winston County: Winston County-specific “active social media user” penetration is not published in a standardized, audited way by major survey organizations at the county level. In practice, county usage typically tracks rural U.S. adoption patterns, which are modestly lower than suburban/urban levels in Pew’s reporting (especially for platforms beyond Facebook/YouTube).

Age group trends

National patterns that generally map onto rural Mississippi counties:

• 18–29: Highest usage across most platforms; especially strong for Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok in national research. Pew reports very high adoption of social media overall among younger adults and substantially higher use of visual/video apps in this group (Pew platform-by-age tables).
• 30–49: Broad, multi‑platform usage; Facebook and YouTube remain common, with meaningful use of Instagram.
• 50–64: Continued use of Facebook and YouTube; lower usage of Snapchat and TikTok.
• 65+: Lowest overall; Facebook and YouTube dominate where social media is used.

Gender breakdown

• Women tend to report higher use of several social platforms than men in Pew’s national surveys, with the largest consistent gap on Pinterest; Facebook and YouTube are closer to parity (Pew Research Center gender breakdowns by platform).
• For Winston County, no widely cited public dataset provides a county‑level audited gender split for “active users,” so national gender skews are typically used as the best available proxy.

Most‑used platforms (percent of U.S. adults; widely used as local benchmarks)

From Pew Research Center’s Social Media Fact Sheet (latest reported in the fact sheet at the time of access varies by platform, but these are the standard Pew adult-usage benchmarks):

• YouTube: ~83% of U.S. adults
• Facebook: ~68%
• Instagram: ~47%
• Pinterest: ~35%
• TikTok: ~33%
• LinkedIn: ~30%
• X (formerly Twitter): ~22%
• Snapchat: ~27%
• WhatsApp: ~29%

Expected county ordering: In rural counties like Winston, Facebook and YouTube typically lead due to broad age coverage, community-group utility, and low friction for local news and events; Instagram and TikTok skew younger; LinkedIn presence is smaller outside commuting-to-metro professional clusters.

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns / preferences)

• Community information and local networks: Rural areas tend to rely heavily on Facebook for community updates (schools, churches, local events, buy/sell activity) and YouTube for how‑to and entertainment, consistent with their broad reach in Pew’s platform usage findings (Pew’s platform usage summaries).
• Short‑form video growth: Nationally, TikTok use has expanded rapidly and is concentrated among younger adults; similar age-skewed uptake is generally observed outside metros, with engagement centered on entertainment and local/regional creators.
• Messaging and private sharing: Use of social apps often includes private or semi-private behaviors (Messenger, group chats, DMs) rather than only public posting; this aligns with national research showing many users engage through reading, reacting, and sharing rather than frequent original posting.
• News and civic content: Facebook remains a common pathway for local news exposure in many communities, while YouTube is used for long‑form explanations and local media clips; platform choice often follows where local institutions (schools, city/county agencies, churches) maintain active pages.

Winston County family-related public records include vital records (birth and death certificates) and court records affecting family relationships (marriage/divorce filings, guardianships, and some adoption-related docket entries). In Mississippi, certified birth and death records are maintained at the state level by the Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH) Vital Records office rather than county offices. County offices commonly retain marriage records and court case files created locally.

Public-facing databases are limited. Index-style access for court matters is typically available through the Winston County Chancery Clerk and Circuit Clerk offices, with many searches conducted at the counter or by staff request. Some statewide court e-filing access exists through Mississippi Electronic Courts (MEC) for participating courts, with availability varying by court and case type.

In-person access is generally available at the courthouse through the clerk offices: Winston County, Mississippi (official county website). State vital records are requested through MSDH Vital Records. Court filing access and electronic case information may be available through Mississippi Electronic Courts (MEC).

Privacy restrictions apply. Birth records are generally restricted for a statutory period, while death certificates are more broadly available under state rules. Adoption records are typically sealed, with limited public access. Sensitive information in court files may be protected by law or court order.

Types of records available

Marriage records

• Marriage license applications and issued licenses: Created and kept at the county level for marriages licensed in Winston County.
• Marriage returns/certificates (proof the ceremony occurred): Typically filed back with the issuing office after the ceremony and recorded in county marriage records.
• Marriage record books/indexes: Bound volumes or digitized index entries referencing recorded licenses/returns.

Divorce records

• Divorce case files: Court case records that may include pleadings, motions, agreements, evidence exhibits, and related orders.
• Final divorce decrees/judgments: The court’s final order dissolving the marriage; often also reflected in docket entries and minute books.

Annulment records

• Annulment case files and final judgments: Civil court records establishing that a marriage is void or voidable; maintained similarly to other domestic relations case records.

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Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

County-level filing (Winston County)

• Marriage records are generally recorded and maintained by the Winston County Chancery Clerk (as the county recorder for vital record instruments). Access is commonly provided by:
  • In-person request at the clerk’s office for copies and/or certified copies.
  • Name/date-based searches using indexes maintained by the office, with recorded book/page references for older records.
• Divorce and annulment records are generally filed in the Winston County Chancery Court and maintained by the Chancery Clerk as clerk of court. Access commonly occurs by:
  • In-person records search using the court’s civil/docket indexes.
  • Copy requests (plain or certified) through the clerk’s office.

State-level access (Mississippi Department of Health)

• State-issued certified vital record copies:
  • Mississippi maintains statewide vital records through the Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH), Vital Records.
  • MSDH commonly issues certified marriage records for marriages occurring in Mississippi and divorce verification (a state-level verification/abstract for divorces, rather than the complete court case file or decree in all cases).
• Reference: Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH)

Online access

• Official access varies by record type and date. Some counties provide online indexing or case lookup; availability and coverage depend on local systems and the age of the record.
• Historical images and indexes may also exist through state archives and third-party collections, but the official record remains the county recording/court file.

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Typical information included in these records

Marriage licenses/returns

Common fields include:

• Full names of spouses (including prior/maiden surname where recorded)
• Date and place of license issuance
• Date and place of marriage (from the return/certificate)
• Ages or dates of birth (varies by time period and form)
• Residences at time of application (often city/county/state)
• Names of officiant and, in some records, witnesses
• Clerk recording details (book/page, instrument number, recording date)

Divorce decrees and case files

Common content includes:

• Names of parties, case number, filing date, and court jurisdiction
• Grounds/allegations and responsive pleadings (in the case file)
• Final judgment date and terms, which may address:
  • Dissolution of marriage
  • Property division and debt allocation
  • Child custody/visitation
  • Child support and/or spousal support
  • Name restoration (where ordered)
• Minute entries, docket entries, and certificates of judgment may summarize proceedings and outcomes.

Annulment judgments and case files

Common content includes:

• Party names, case number, filing date, and court findings
• Basis for annulment (as pleaded and determined by the court)
• Final judgment declaring the marriage void or voidable and related orders

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Privacy and legal restrictions

• Marriage records are generally treated as public records once recorded, subject to standard limits on disclosure of sensitive identifiers (for example, redaction practices for Social Security numbers where present).
• Divorce and annulment records are generally public court records, but access may be restricted for:
  • Sealed case files or sealed exhibits by court order
  • Confidential information contained in filings (for example, certain financial account identifiers, minors’ information, medical information), which may be protected by court rules or redaction requirements
• Certified copies are issued under the authority and procedures of the custodian (county clerk for recorded instruments/court records; MSDH for state vital records), and may require formal request processes and fees.
• Verification vs. full record: State vital records offices commonly provide verifications/abstracts for divorces (confirming that a divorce occurred and providing basic details), while the complete decree and case file are maintained by the county court clerk.

Winston County is in east-central Mississippi, with Louisville as the county seat and a predominantly small-town and rural settlement pattern. The county’s population is relatively older than the U.S. average and is dispersed across unincorporated communities and the small city of Louisville, shaping school catchment areas, commuting distances, and a housing stock dominated by detached homes and rural parcels.

Education Indicators

Public schools (counts and names)

Winston County’s public K–12 system is primarily operated by the Winston County School District, alongside a separate Louisville Municipal School District serving the City of Louisville (district configuration and school rosters change over time). Official school lists are maintained through the Mississippi Department of Education (MDE) district directories and report cards rather than a single static county roster:

• See MDE district and school information via the Mississippi Department of Education and accountability/report card tools such as the Mississippi school accountability resources (district/school-level profiles).

Data availability note: A single “number of public schools in the county” figure is not consistently published as a county aggregate by MDE; school counts are most reliably reported by district and by year in MDE directories/report cards.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

• Student–teacher ratios: Countywide ratios are typically reported through federal datasets (NCES) at the district level rather than the county level. The most reliable current source for district ratios is the NCES district search (Common Core of Data).
• Graduation rates: Mississippi’s cohort graduation rates are published by MDE by school and district (not as a single countywide statistic). The authoritative source is MDE’s annual accountability reporting and school/district report cards (linked above).

Proxy guidance used in practice: For Winston County, the best available “most recent” graduation rate and student–teacher ratio should be presented by (1) Winston County School District and (2) Louisville Municipal School District, drawn directly from the latest MDE and NCES releases.

Adult education levels

County adult educational attainment is consistently available from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS).

• The most recent standard estimates are in the U.S. Census Bureau’s data portal (ACS 5-year tables such as Educational Attainment for population 25+).
• In general, rural Mississippi counties—including Winston—tend to have a high share with high school completion (including GED) and a lower share with a bachelor’s degree or higher than national averages; the definitive county percentages should be taken directly from ACS 5-year estimates for Winston County.

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, AP)

• Career and technical education (CTE): Mississippi districts commonly operate CTE pathways aligned to state frameworks; program presence and offerings are reported through district sites and MDE CTE resources. State-level context is documented through the MDE Office of Career and Technical Education.
• Advanced Placement (AP)/dual enrollment: Availability is school-specific and typically published in school course catalogs and district profiles; MDE accountability reporting also reflects advanced coursework participation where applicable.
• Workforce training links: Community-college-based workforce and credential programs that serve multi-county regions (including east-central Mississippi) are a common vocational/skills training channel; county-specific participation is not consistently published as a single indicator.

Data availability note: A consolidated county inventory of STEM/AP/vocational programs is not maintained as a single public dataset; program specificity is most reliably documented by individual schools/districts and state CTE resources.

School safety measures and counseling resources

• Mississippi districts generally follow state requirements and local policies covering visitor controls, emergency drills, school resource officer coordination (where funded), threat reporting procedures, and student support staffing (counselors and related services). District handbooks and board policies are the primary sources for Winston County and Louisville municipal schools.
• State context on school safety is coordinated through Mississippi education and public safety frameworks; local implementation details are published by each district.

Proxy statement: Without a single countywide safety/counseling staffing dataset, the most defensible summary relies on district policy documents and publicly posted student services pages.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent)

• County unemployment is published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. The most direct official source for the current county rate and recent trend is BLS LAUS (county series available through linked tools and state labor market portals).

Data availability note: The “most recent year” depends on the latest annual average posted in LAUS; county rates are updated monthly and summarized annually.

Major industries and employment sectors

Winston County’s employment base is characteristic of rural east-central Mississippi counties, typically anchored by:

• Manufacturing
• Health care and social assistance
• Retail trade
• Educational services (public schools)
• Public administration
• Construction and transportation/warehousing (smaller shares)

The most authoritative sector breakdown is from the ACS industry tables for employed residents (place of residence) and from state labor market publications for employer-side patterns.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

Typical occupational groups for employed residents in Winston County generally include:

• Production and manufacturing-related occupations
• Office/administrative support
• Sales
• Transportation and material moving
• Management (smaller share than metro areas)
• Health care support/practitioners (varies by local facilities and commuting)

Definitive county occupational percentages are available via ACS occupation tables in data.census.gov.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

• Rural counties commonly show a higher share of driving alone and limited public transit use; carpooling is present but varies by locality.
• The definitive mean travel time to work and commuting mode shares are provided by ACS commuting tables (Journey to Work) in data.census.gov.

Proxy guidance: Mean commute times in rural Mississippi counties are often in the mid-20-minute range, but Winston County’s actual mean should be taken from the latest ACS 5-year estimate.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

• Winston County includes residents who work in-county and residents who commute to nearby employment centers in adjacent counties. The most direct commuting flow data (inflow/outflow) is provided through the Census Bureau’s OnTheMap tool (LEHD), which reports where residents work and where local jobs are filled from.

Data availability note: LEHD/OnTheMap is the standard public source for “in-county vs. out-of-county” commuting shares.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

• County homeownership and renter shares are reported in ACS housing tenure tables via data.census.gov.
• Rural Mississippi counties typically have higher homeownership rates than U.S. metro averages, with rentals concentrated in small town centers and near major employers.

Median property values and recent trends

• Median home value (owner-occupied housing units) is reported by ACS.
• For transaction-based price trends (sale prices), private market aggregators exist, but the most consistent “official” median value metric for a county profile is ACS.
• Regional trend proxy: many non-metro Mississippi counties have seen modest appreciation since 2020 compared with national hot spots; Winston County’s definitive median value and change over time should be taken from ACS time series comparisons.

Typical rent prices

• Median gross rent is reported by ACS and is generally lower in rural counties than statewide metro areas.
• The most recent definitive estimate is available via ACS median gross rent tables.

Types of housing

Winston County’s housing stock is predominantly:

• Single-family detached homes (including older owner-built homes)
• Manufactured homes/mobile homes (common in rural areas)
• Small multifamily properties and apartments concentrated around Louisville and other developed nodes
• Rural lots and acreage parcels outside incorporated areas

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

• Housing near Louisville tends to have closer proximity to schools, retail, clinics, and county services.
• Outside town, residents often have longer drive times to schools, groceries, and health care, consistent with a dispersed rural development pattern.

Data availability note: “Neighborhood characteristics” is not published as a single county statistic; this summary reflects typical land use patterns observed in rural county seats versus unincorporated areas.

Property tax overview (average rate and typical homeowner cost)

• Mississippi property taxes are administered locally and vary by assessed value, millage rates, exemptions (notably homestead), and location within/near municipalities.
• County-level effective property tax rates and typical tax bills are often summarized in state/county financial reports and can be approximated using ACS “selected monthly owner costs” plus local millage schedules, but a single definitive “average homeowner cost” is not consistently published as a countywide measure in one official table.
• General state context and rules are maintained by the Mississippi Department of Revenue and local assessor/collector offices for Winston County.

Proxy statement: For a county profile, the most defensible public figures are (1) local millage and assessment rules from county offices and (2) ACS owner cost measures; a single “average rate” should be labeled as an estimate unless sourced directly from an official countywide effective-rate publication.