Bolivar County

Bolivar County is located in the western part of Mississippi in the Mississippi Delta region, bordering the Mississippi River and Arkansas. Established in 1836 and named for South American leader Simón Bolívar, the county developed around plantation agriculture and river-based commerce and remains closely associated with the Delta’s distinctive history and culture. Bolivar County is mid-sized by Mississippi standards, with a population of about 30,000 residents. It is predominantly rural, with small towns and extensive flat alluvial farmland shaped by the river’s floodplain and levee system. Agriculture—especially row crops such as cotton and soybeans—continues to play a central economic role, alongside public services, education, and local trade. The county’s cultural identity reflects broader Delta traditions in music, foodways, and community life. The county seat is Rosedale.

Bolivar County is located in the Mississippi Delta region of northwestern Mississippi, along the Mississippi River. The county seat is Rosedale, and the largest city is Cleveland.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Bolivar County, Mississippi, Bolivar County had:

• Population (2020): 30,985
• Population estimate (2023): 29,714

Age & Gender

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Bolivar County (latest profile values published by the Census Bureau):

Age distribution (percent of total population)

• Under 5 years: 5.8%
• Under 18 years: 21.7%
• Age 65 and over: 17.1%

Gender

• Female persons: 54.0% (implying male persons ~46.0% from the same profile totals)

Racial & Ethnic Composition

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Bolivar County (race categories shown as “alone,” with Hispanic/Latino reported separately):

Race (percent of total population)

• Black or African American alone: 63.3%
• White alone: 32.7%
• American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 0.2%
• Asian alone: 0.8%
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.0%
• Two or more races: 3.0%

Ethnicity

• Hispanic or Latino: 1.9%

Household & Housing Data

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Bolivar County:

Households

• Households (2019–2023): 11,631
• Persons per household (2019–2023): 2.42

Housing

• Housing units (2019–2023): 14,071
• Owner-occupied housing unit rate (2019–2023): 53.1%
• Median value of owner-occupied housing units (2019–2023, in 2023 dollars): $86,200
• Median gross rent (2019–2023, in 2023 dollars): $797

For local government and planning resources, visit the Bolivar County official website.

Bolivar County, in Mississippi’s rural Delta with small towns and long distances between population centers, relies heavily on the availability and quality of fixed broadband and cellular coverage for routine digital communication such as email.

Direct county-level email-usage statistics are not typically published; email adoption is commonly inferred from proxy indicators such as household broadband subscription, computer availability, and age structure reported by the U.S. Census Bureau (data.census.gov). These indicators describe the practical ability to access webmail and mobile email services.

Digital access in Bolivar County is reflected in Census measures of (1) household computer ownership and (2) broadband subscriptions (including cable, fiber, DSL, fixed wireless, and cellular data plans) reported in ACS “Computer and Internet Use” tables on data.census.gov. Age distribution also matters: older populations tend to show lower adoption of new digital services, while working-age adults are more likely to depend on email for employment, education, and services, based on ACS age profiles available via the American Community Survey. Gender distribution is generally a weaker predictor than access and age in ACS-style digital indicators.

Connectivity constraints in the Delta commonly include gaps in last-mile infrastructure and affordability challenges, tracked in federal broadband-availability programs such as the FCC National Broadband Map.

Bolivar County is in the Mississippi Delta region of northwest Mississippi along the Mississippi River, with population concentrated in Cleveland and other small towns and extensive agricultural land in between. The flat, low-lying terrain reduces terrain-blocking of radio signals, but the county’s generally low population density and long distances between settlements can reduce the economic incentives for dense cellular site placement. These structural factors shape the difference between network availability (coverage) and household adoption (whether residents subscribe and use mobile broadband in practice).

Network availability (coverage) vs. adoption (use)

Network availability describes where mobile voice/LTE/5G service is advertised or modeled as available. Adoption describes whether households and individuals actually have mobile service plans, compatible devices, and consistent usage. County-level adoption metrics are often limited or modeled with uncertainty; coverage datasets can also overstate real-world experience (indoor performance, congestion, and device compatibility are not fully captured).

Mobile penetration / access indicators (where available)

County-specific “mobile penetration” (SIM-level subscriptions per 100 people) is typically not published at the county level in the United States. The most commonly cited public, geographically granular indicators for access in a county context are:

• Household internet subscription measures (including cellular data plans) from the U.S. Census Bureau. The American Community Survey (ACS) publishes estimates for whether households have an internet subscription and the type of subscription, including cellular data plan as a category (often reported as “cellular data plan only” vs. combinations). These are adoption indicators, not coverage indicators. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s internet subscription tables via the Census platform and methodology notes at Census.gov (ACS).
• Modeled broadband availability (including mobile) from the FCC’s Broadband Data Collection. The FCC provides availability by technology and provider-reported coverage, including mobile broadband, but it does not directly indicate take-up. See the FCC’s broadband maps and data documentation at FCC National Broadband Map.

Limitation: Publicly accessible county-level adoption estimates that isolate “mobile-only households” and are explicitly reported for Bolivar County can be derived from ACS tables, but exact values vary by ACS vintage and margin of error. Without citing a specific ACS table and year, a precise penetration percentage is not definitive.

Mobile internet usage patterns (4G, 5G availability)

4G/LTE

• Availability: LTE service is generally present across most populated corridors and towns in Mississippi counties, and Delta terrain typically supports broad-area propagation where sites exist. The definitive public reference for reported LTE/mobile broadband availability is the FCC’s map for a given location and provider, not a single countywide number. Source: FCC National Broadband Map.
• Practical performance: LTE speeds depend on backhaul to cell sites, spectrum holdings, cell density, and congestion. In rural areas, fewer sites and longer distances can yield weaker indoor coverage and lower peak-hour performance even where LTE is “available.”

5G (including low-band and mid-band)

• Availability: 5G availability in rural counties often appears first as low-band 5G overlays on existing LTE grids, with mid-band coverage (higher capacity) more concentrated near towns and along major routes. The FCC map provides provider-reported 5G availability by location rather than a definitive countywide statement. Source: FCC National Broadband Map.
• Usage patterns: Where 5G is limited or inconsistent, devices frequently fall back to LTE. Countywide “share of traffic on 5G vs. LTE” is generally not published in public datasets.

Fixed wireless vs. mobile broadband distinction

Mobile broadband coverage and fixed wireless availability are often conflated in general discussions. The FCC map distinguishes technologies; “mobile broadband” refers to service designed for mobile use, while fixed wireless refers to a stationary connection. Source: FCC National Broadband Map.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

• Smartphones: Smartphones are the dominant consumer device category for mobile connectivity in the U.S., and county-level device-type splits are usually not published in official statistics. Adoption patterns are commonly inferred from broader survey work (national/state) rather than county-specific enumerations.
• Other connected devices: Tablets, hotspots, and fixed wireless customer premises equipment can supplement connectivity, especially where home wired broadband options are limited or costly. Public county-level counts of these device types are generally not available.
• Adoption indicator proxy: ACS “cellular data plan” subscription categories provide a partial proxy for the prevalence of smartphone-based home connectivity, especially the “cellular data plan only” household category, but this reflects household subscriptions rather than device inventory. Source: Census.gov (ACS).

Limitation: No standard public dataset enumerates “smartphones vs. feature phones” at the county level for Bolivar County.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage

Rural settlement pattern and infrastructure economics

• Site density and backhaul: Rural areas with dispersed populations typically have fewer towers per square mile and fewer redundant backhaul routes, affecting signal strength, indoor coverage, and peak-hour throughput. Delta topography is not a major barrier, but infrastructure spacing and investment levels matter.
• Agricultural land use: Large tracts of farmland can create long stretches between population centers; coverage along highways and in towns tends to be stronger than in sparsely populated fields and along less-traveled roads.

Income, affordability, and “mobile-only” connectivity

• Household subscription choices: In areas with lower incomes or limited wired broadband options, a higher share of households can rely on cellular data plans as their primary internet subscription. The ACS provides the standard public measure for household subscription types (including “cellular data plan only”), though the estimate’s reliability depends on sample size and margins of error at the county level. Source: Census.gov (ACS).

Digital inclusion and adoption programs (state context)

• Mississippi’s broadband planning and digital equity efforts provide context on affordability, access, and adoption initiatives, but program reporting is typically statewide or by project area rather than a comprehensive mobile adoption profile for a single county. Reference: Mississippi state government portal and Mississippi broadband program information published through state channels.

County-level data limitations and best public sources

• Coverage (availability): The most authoritative public source for modeled/provider-reported mobile broadband availability at fine geographic resolution is the FCC National Broadband Map. It supports location-based checks within Bolivar County and distinguishes LTE/5G by provider where reported.
• Adoption (household subscription): The standard public source for household internet subscription types, including cellular data plans, is the American Community Survey (Census.gov). County estimates exist but should be interpreted with margins of error.
• Local context (planning and geography): County context and planning documents are typically posted through county or regional entities; an entry point is the county’s official presence where available, and state and federal datasets remain the primary sources for coverage/adoption statistics.

Summary distinction

• Network availability in Bolivar County: Best assessed through FCC location-level mobile broadband availability data (LTE and 5G by provider), recognizing that mapped availability does not guarantee indoor performance or capacity.
• Actual household adoption and reliance on mobile: Best assessed through ACS household subscription measures (including cellular data plan categories), recognizing sampling uncertainty and that “subscription type” does not directly report device type or network generation (LTE vs. 5G).

Bolivar County is in the Mississippi Delta region of northwest Mississippi, with Cleveland (home to Delta State University) and Shelby among its notable communities. The county’s rural geography, higher poverty rates, and reliance on education, agriculture, and public-sector employment shape internet access and device mix, which in turn influences how residents participate on social platforms.

User statistics (penetration and active use)

• County-specific social media penetration is not routinely published by major survey programs; most reliable benchmarks are available at the national or state level rather than the county level.
• Nationally, about 7 in 10 U.S. adults use at least one social media site (a common benchmark used for local planning comparisons), based on the Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.
• Mississippi and Delta-region counties often face higher constraints in broadband and device resources, which can reduce continuous/always-on usage compared with metro areas; this context is typically assessed using the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) internet/computing indicators and the FCC National Broadband Map for service availability.

Age group trends

• Usage is highest among younger adults and declines with age, consistent with national patterns documented by Pew:
  • 18–29: highest adoption across most major platforms.
  • 30–49: high adoption, especially on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube.
  • 50–64: moderate-to-high adoption (Facebook and YouTube prominent).
  • 65+: lowest adoption, though Facebook and YouTube remain commonly used.
• Source benchmark: Pew Research Center (U.S. adult social media use by demographic group).

Gender breakdown

• Across the U.S., women tend to report higher use of several social platforms (notably Pinterest and, in some surveys, Facebook/Instagram), while men skew higher on some discussion- or creator-centric spaces. For many major platforms, gender differences are present but not uniform.
• Source benchmark: Pew Research Center demographic breakouts.

Most-used platforms (benchmarks with available percentages)

County-level platform share is not published by major non-commercial sources; the most defensible approach is to cite national usage rates as a reference point for expected platform mix:

• YouTube: used by a large majority of U.S. adults (commonly the top platform in Pew tracking).
• Facebook: used by a majority of U.S. adults and remains especially strong among 30+ and older cohorts.
• Instagram: widely used, strongest among 18–29 and 30–49.
• TikTok: concentrated among younger adults, with rapid growth in recent years.
• Snapchat: heavily youth-oriented.
• X (formerly Twitter): used by a smaller share than YouTube/Facebook/Instagram; usage skews toward younger/middle adults and news-followers.
• LinkedIn: more common among college-educated and higher-income adults; relevant in Cleveland due to the university and professional networks.
• Source benchmark table with platform percentages: Pew Research Center social media use (platform-by-platform rates).

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns and preferences)

• Mobile-first usage dominates in many rural and lower-income areas; when home broadband is less reliable, residents often rely more on smartphones for social access and video viewing. National reference on smartphone reliance and “smartphone-only” patterns: Pew Research Center mobile fact sheet.
• Video consumption is a central engagement mode, supporting high YouTube usage and short-form video growth (TikTok, Instagram Reels, Facebook video). This aligns with Pew’s findings that YouTube is broadly used across age groups: Pew platform usage trends.
• Community and local-information use cases are typically stronger in rural counties: Facebook Groups and local pages commonly function as hubs for school updates, community events, church-related communication, and local news sharing.
• Younger adults tend to engage more through short-form video, DMs, and creator-driven feeds (TikTok/Instagram/Snapchat), while older adults more often engage through commenting, sharing, and group participation on Facebook.
• News and civic information often circulate via Facebook and YouTube in smaller markets, with discussion and reposting patterns shaped by close social networks; national context on how Americans encounter news on platforms is tracked by Pew Research Center’s social media and news fact sheet.

Bolivar County family and associate-related public records primarily include vital records (birth and death certificates), marriage and divorce records, and court records that may document guardianships, adoptions, and name changes. In Mississippi, certified birth and death records are administered centrally by the Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH) Vital Records office rather than county government; access is generally limited to eligible requesters, and informational copies may be restricted. Marriage license records are created and maintained at the county level by the Bolivar County Circuit Clerk, along with divorce case files and related docket information. Adoption records are generally sealed by law and are not available as public records except through authorized processes reflected in court procedures.

Public online access is available for some court/record indexes through Mississippi’s statewide portal, Mississippi Judiciary (Courts and eFiling information), and through the Circuit Clerk’s office for local filing and record services: Bolivar County Circuit Clerk. Vital records ordering and eligibility rules are published by MSDH: MSDH Vital Records.

In-person access to county-held records is provided through the Circuit Clerk’s office during business hours; fees and identification requirements commonly apply. Privacy restrictions frequently limit access to certified vital records, sealed adoption files, and certain juvenile or protected court matters.

Types of records available

Marriage records

• Marriage license applications and licenses: Issued at the county level and kept as part of the county’s marriage records.
• Marriage certificates (state vital record copy): The Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH), Vital Records, maintains a statewide record based on county filings.

Divorce records

• Divorce decrees/judgments: Final judgments dissolving a marriage are court records maintained by the court that granted the divorce.
• Divorce case files: May include pleadings, summons/returns, motions, orders, agreements, evidence exhibits, and related docket entries.

Annulment records

• Annulment decrees/judgments: Court orders declaring a marriage void or voidable are maintained as court records, generally in the same manner as other domestic-relations judgments.
• Annulment case files: Associated filings and orders are kept in the court case file.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

Bolivar County marriage records

• Filed/maintained by: Bolivar County Chancery Clerk (as the county recorder for marriage records).
• Access methods:
  • In-person access through the Chancery Clerk’s office (public counter access to marriage records and copies, subject to office procedures and copy fees).
  • Online access may be available through county record search systems or third-party indexing services where supported; coverage and indexing vary by time period.

Bolivar County divorce and annulment records

• Filed/maintained by: Bolivar County Chancery Court, with records typically held by the Chancery Clerk as clerk of the court.
• Access methods:
  • In-person access to case indexes, dockets, and file copies through the Chancery Clerk’s court records division, subject to any court-ordered restrictions and copy fees.
  • Online access may be limited; some courts provide electronic index/docket access while full case documents may require in-person review or formal request procedures.

State-level access (marriage and divorce vital record copies)

• Maintained by: Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH), Vital Records.
• Access methods:
  • Requests through MSDH for eligible copies and verifications, subject to state identification, eligibility rules, fees, and statutory limits.
    Reference: Mississippi State Department of Health — Vital Records

Typical information included in these records

Marriage licenses/records (county)

Commonly include:

• Full names of the parties
• Date and place of marriage (or license issuance and return date)
• Ages and/or dates of birth (varies by form and era)
• Residences at time of application
• Names of officiant and witnesses (varies by form and era)
• License number, filing date, and recording references

Divorce decrees/judgments (court)

Commonly include:

• Names of parties and case number
• Court, judicial district, and date of judgment
• Grounds or basis for divorce (as stated in the pleadings/judgment)
• Provisions on custody, visitation, child support, and spousal support (when applicable)
• Property division and debt allocation terms (when applicable)
• Orders restoring a former name (when granted)
• Judge’s signature and clerk filing/entry information

Annulment decrees/judgments (court)

Commonly include:

• Names of parties and case number
• Finding that the marriage is void/voidable and legal basis stated by the court
• Any orders addressing related relief (property issues, support, or other matters as applicable)
• Judge’s signature and clerk filing/entry information

Privacy or legal restrictions

• Marriage records: County marriage records are generally treated as public records, with access governed by Mississippi public records law and local clerk procedures. Some personal identifiers (such as Social Security numbers) are generally protected from disclosure and may be redacted from copies.
• Divorce and annulment court files: Court records are generally public, but specific documents or information may be restricted by statute, court rule, or court order (for example, records involving minors, sensitive personal information, or sealed filings). Sealed or confidential portions are not available for general public inspection.
• State vital records (MSDH): Certified copies and certain verifications are subject to state eligibility and identification requirements, and access may be limited by statutory time restrictions or rules applicable to vital records.

Bolivar County is in the Mississippi Delta in northwestern Mississippi along the Mississippi River, with Cleveland as the county seat and other population centers including Rosedale, Mound Bayou, and Beulah. The county’s population is majority-Black and has experienced long-run population decline typical of many Delta counties, with a largely rural-to-small-city settlement pattern and an economy historically tied to agriculture and public-sector employment.

Education Indicators

Public schools (counts and names)

Public K–12 education is primarily provided by two districts: Cleveland School District and West Bolivar Consolidated School District (serving Rosedale and nearby communities). A consolidated, authoritative school-by-school list is published through the state directory; the most reliable way to verify current school names and grade configurations is the Mississippi Department of Education district/school directory (Mississippi Department of Education) and district pages (Cleveland School District; West Bolivar Consolidated School District).
School name availability note: School openings/closures and grade reconfigurations have occurred periodically in Delta districts; current rosters are maintained by the MDE and the districts, rather than in a single static county list.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

• Student–teacher ratios: District and school-level ratios vary by campus and year. The most recent published ratios and enrollment staffing counts are reported through MDE accountability and staffing files and are summarized in district report cards (Mississippi K–12 school and district report cards).
• Graduation rates: Mississippi publishes 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rates by district and high school in the state report cards. Bolivar County’s district graduation rates are best cited directly from the most recent report-card year to avoid mixing cohorts across reorganizations.

Proxy note (when a single countywide figure is needed): For county-level benchmarking not tied to a district boundary, graduation and attainment are often proxied using adult educational attainment (ACS) rather than district graduation rates.

Adult education levels (attainment)

Countywide adult attainment is most consistently measured by the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates. The latest ACS release provides:

• High school diploma or higher (age 25+): County-level percentage available via data.census.gov (ACS “Educational Attainment” tables).
• Bachelor’s degree or higher (age 25+): County-level percentage available via data.census.gov.

Data availability note: This summary uses ACS as the definitive source for adult attainment; exact percentages should be pulled from the latest 5‑year table for “Bolivar County, Mississippi” because they update annually and are the standard reference.

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, AP)

• Career and technical education (CTE): Mississippi districts participate in state-supported CTE pathways (health sciences, agriculture, skilled trades, IT, etc.) aligned with Mississippi CTE. Program offerings vary by high school and regional career centers.
• Advanced Placement (AP) / dual credit: High schools in Mississippi commonly report AP participation and exam-taking in the state report cards; dual-enrollment/dual-credit opportunities are often coordinated with nearby community colleges and universities in the region. The most recent AP/advanced coursework indicators are available through the state report card system (MS Report Cards).

School safety measures and counseling resources

• Safety planning and compliance: Mississippi districts follow state requirements for school safety planning and coordination with local law enforcement; campus-level safety practices (controlled entry, visitor management, drills) are typically documented in district handbooks and board policies.
• Student services: School counseling, mental health supports, and related services are typically reported through district student-services pages and in statewide student-support initiatives administered through MDE program offices (MDE). Specific staffing levels (counselor-to-student) are not consistently published in a single county dataset and are usually available by district HR/staffing reports.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent year available)

The most defensible “most recent” unemployment figures for a county come from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) series, which publishes monthly rates and annual averages for counties. The current Bolivar County rate and annual average are available through the BLS LAUS program and the BLS database query for county unemployment.

Major industries and employment sectors

Bolivar County’s employment mix reflects a Delta county structure, typically led by:

• Educational services and health care/social assistance
• Retail trade
• Public administration
• Manufacturing (varies by plant presence over time)
• Agriculture and related support activities (large role in the broader economy, with mechanization reducing direct farm employment over time)

The most current sector shares for residents (by “industry of employment”) are available in ACS “Industry by Occupation” profiles via data.census.gov. Establishment-based sector employment is tracked in the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) (BLS QCEW).

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

Typical occupational groupings for resident workers in Bolivar County (reported in ACS) include:

• Service occupations (healthcare support, protective service, food preparation)
• Office and administrative support
• Sales
• Transportation and material moving
• Production
• Education and healthcare practitioner roles (especially tied to schools and clinics)

The most recent occupational distribution is available through ACS occupation tables at data.census.gov.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

• Mean travel time to work: Published by ACS for counties (time in minutes), accessible through data.census.gov (“Travel Time to Work” tables).
• Mode of commute: Rural Delta counties generally have high shares of driving alone, limited fixed-route transit, and smaller shares of walking/biking compared with large metros; ACS provides the definitive county percentages by mode.

Local employment versus out‑of‑county work

ACS provides the share of workers who live and work in the same county versus those commuting out of county (commuting flows are also available through Census LEHD/OnTheMap where available). For the most standardized county measure, use ACS “County-to-county commuting” and “Place of work” indicators via data.census.gov; commuting out of county commonly reflects trips to nearby Delta employment centers and regional hubs.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

The most current countywide split is provided by ACS:

• Owner-occupied housing unit share (homeownership rate)
• Renter-occupied share

Both are available through ACS housing occupancy tables on data.census.gov.

Median property values and recent trends

• Median value of owner-occupied housing units: Reported by ACS for Bolivar County, available at data.census.gov.
• Trend proxy: In many Delta counties, median values are below U.S. medians and show slower appreciation than major metros; year-to-year changes should be cited directly from successive ACS releases rather than metro-market indices.

Typical rent prices

• Median gross rent: Published by ACS for the county (including utilities where applicable) via data.census.gov.
• Rental market note: County medians can mask variation between Cleveland’s more urbanized rental stock (including apartments) and smaller towns/rural areas with more single-family rentals.

Types of housing

Bolivar County’s housing stock typically includes:

• Single-family detached homes (dominant in many neighborhoods and small towns)
• Small multifamily properties and apartments (more common in Cleveland and near institutional employers)
• Manufactured homes and rural properties/lots outside municipal centers
  The ACS “Units in Structure” table provides the definitive county distribution (ACS units in structure).

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools or amenities)

• Cleveland: More concentrated access to schools, retail corridors, health services, and civic amenities; neighborhoods closer to school campuses and the commercial core generally have shorter trips to services.
• Smaller towns (Rosedale, Mound Bayou, Beulah) and unincorporated areas: More dispersed housing, fewer nearby services, and greater reliance on car travel for groceries, healthcare, and specialized services.
  Data limitation: Neighborhood-level proximity is not published as a single county statistic; it is usually assessed using GIS measures (distance to schools, clinics, grocery stores) rather than ACS.

Property tax overview (average rate and typical homeowner cost)

• Property tax rates and typical bills vary by municipality, school district millage, and assessed value. Mississippi uses an assessment ratio system and millage rates set by local taxing authorities.
• The most reliable countywide references are: the Mississippi Department of Revenue (property tax and assessment framework) and the Bolivar County tax assessor/collector offices for current millage and example tax calculations (office postings and annual notices).
  Proxy note: A single “average effective property tax rate” is not consistently maintained as an official county statistic across all parcels; typical homeowner costs are best represented using median home value (ACS) paired with locally published millage/assessment rules from county sources.