Grant County is located in southwestern Wisconsin along the Mississippi River, bordering Iowa and Illinois and situated within the state’s Driftless Area, a region known for rugged topography that largely escaped glaciation. Created in 1836 and named for frontier officer and diplomat Henry Grant, the county developed early around lead mining and later diversified into agriculture and small manufacturing. It is a mid-sized county by Wisconsin standards, with a population of about 52,000 (2020 census). The landscape includes steep river bluffs, wooded valleys, and extensive farmland, supporting a predominantly rural settlement pattern with small towns and villages. Agriculture remains a central economic base—particularly dairy, livestock, and crop production—alongside local services, education, and light industry. Cultural and civic life is shaped by its river communities, regional colleges, and a strong connection to Upper Midwest agricultural traditions. The county seat is Lancaster.

Grant County Local Demographic Profile

Grant County is located in southwestern Wisconsin along the Mississippi River, bordering Iowa and Illinois. The county seat is Lancaster; regional context and local planning information are available via the Grant County official website.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Grant County, Wisconsin, Grant County had an estimated population of 51,938 (2023).

Age & Gender

Age and sex statistics are reported in the U.S. Census Bureau’s data.census.gov tables (American Community Survey) for Grant County.

  • Under 18 years: 20.2%
  • 18 to 64 years: 59.0%
  • 65 years and over: 20.8%

Sex composition (gender ratio proxy as reported by sex):

  • Female: 48.9%
  • Male: 51.1%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts (Grant County, WI).

Racial & Ethnic Composition

Race and ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino reported separately) are provided by the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Grant County:

  • White alone: 92.8%
  • Black or African American alone: 0.9%
  • American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 0.3%
  • Asian alone: 1.0%
  • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.0%
  • Two or More Races: 4.7%
  • Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 2.3%

Household & Housing Data

Key household and housing indicators (ACS) from the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts include:

  • Households: 20,581
  • Persons per household: 2.41
  • Owner-occupied housing unit rate: 72.6%
  • Median value of owner-occupied housing units: $172,500
  • Median gross rent: $775

For additional county-level community and planning context maintained by the state, see Wisconsin Department of Administration population estimates (state government source).

Email Usage

Grant County, Wisconsin is a largely rural county with small population centers, where greater distances between homes and network nodes can constrain last‑mile broadband buildout and make reliable digital communication less uniform than in denser areas.

Direct county-level email usage statistics are generally not published; email adoption is commonly inferred from proxy indicators such as broadband subscription, device availability, and age structure. The most comparable local measures are available through the U.S. Census Bureau (data.census.gov), including American Community Survey tables on household broadband subscriptions and computer ownership for Grant County.

Age distribution influences likely email adoption because older adults are less likely to be regular internet and email users than working-age adults; Grant County’s age profile can be referenced via ACS demographic tables from the U.S. Census Bureau. Gender is typically a weaker predictor than age for basic email use; county sex composition is also available in ACS profiles.

Connectivity limitations are best characterized using federal broadband availability and provider reporting, such as the FCC National Broadband Map, which highlights service gaps and technology constraints common in rural areas.

Mobile Phone Usage

Grant County is in southwestern Wisconsin along the Mississippi River, with major communities including Platteville and Lancaster. The county is predominantly rural with extensive farmland, river bluffs, and rolling terrain that can create localized coverage variation (especially away from towns and main highways). Population is dispersed outside the Platteville area, and lower population density generally reduces the economic incentives for dense cell-site deployment compared with urban counties.

Key terms and data limitations (availability vs. adoption)

Network availability refers to whether mobile broadband service (4G LTE or 5G) is reported as present at a location. Adoption refers to whether residents actually subscribe to mobile service or rely on mobile as their primary internet connection. Publicly accessible datasets commonly provide availability at fine geographic resolution but provide adoption mostly at state level or for larger geographies, with limited county-specific detail.

County-level mobile adoption indicators are limited in most federal reporting; the most consistently available, county-specific adoption proxy is the share of households with cellular data-only internet (mobile-only home internet) reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Mobile penetration / access indicators (adoption-focused)

Household internet subscription types (Census)

The most direct publicly available county-level indicator of mobile reliance is “cellular data plan” as the household’s internet subscription, particularly when it is the only subscription type.

  • The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) publishes county estimates for household internet subscription categories, including cellular data plan. These tables distinguish among subscription types but do not measure signal coverage or network quality.
  • County estimates can be accessed through:

Interpretation note: “Cellular data plan” in ACS indicates household subscription and can reflect smartphones used for tethering/hotspot or dedicated mobile broadband devices. It does not indicate whether the household also has traditional wireline broadband unless the table is filtered to cellular-only (cellular as the sole subscription type).

Smartphone ownership (device access)

County-level smartphone ownership is not consistently published as an official statistic in the same way as ACS internet subscription types. National and state-level surveys (for example, those summarized by federal statistical agencies or major research organizations) are commonly used for context, but they do not substitute for county measurements. As a result, definitive smartphone penetration rates for Grant County are generally not available from standard public county datasets.

Mobile internet usage patterns and network availability (4G/5G)

FCC-reported mobile broadband coverage (availability)

The primary public source for location-based mobile broadband availability in the United States is the FCC’s Broadband Data Collection (BDC). It provides provider-reported coverage by technology and can be viewed on maps or downloaded.

What the FCC availability data supports (for Grant County):

  • Identification of areas reported as having 4G LTE and 5G coverage by carrier.
  • Distinction among 5G technology types where carriers report them (commonly including 5G NR; the map interface may show varying categories depending on FCC releases).
  • Comparative visualization of coverage differences between populated centers (e.g., Platteville area) and more rural townships.

Limitations of FCC availability data:

  • Availability is carrier-reported and may not match on-the-ground experience in every location.
  • The FCC map is not an adoption measure; it does not indicate subscriptions, usage volume, affordability, indoor coverage, or performance at a specific time.
  • Terrain and building penetration can reduce practical service quality even in “covered” areas.

4G vs 5G availability (pattern summary without unsupported claims)

  • 4G LTE is generally the baseline mobile broadband technology and is typically the most geographically extensive layer in rural counties.
  • 5G availability in rural areas is often more uneven than LTE, with coverage more concentrated around population centers and major transportation corridors. Carrier-reported 5G footprints can be checked directly in the FCC map for specific Grant County locations.

Because countywide measured usage shares by radio technology (for example, the percentage of residents “using 5G”) are not routinely published at the county level in official datasets, usage-pattern statements beyond availability are limited to what can be inferred from coverage reporting and broader regional context.

Common device types (smartphones vs other mobile devices)

What can be stated from public county-level data

  • ACS household subscription categories imply that mobile devices and/or mobile hotspots are used when households report cellular data plan internet subscriptions. This is the clearest county-level indicator that mobile connectivity is used for household internet access, but it does not specify the exact device mix (smartphone vs hotspot vs tablet).

What is typically not available at county level

  • County-specific breakdowns of smartphones vs feature phones, tablet ownership, or hotspot device prevalence are generally not published as official county indicators. Most device-type metrics are available only from private market research, carrier analytics, or state/national surveys without county precision.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage and connectivity

Rural settlement patterns and density

  • Grant County’s rural settlement pattern tends to increase reliance on fewer towers covering larger areas, which can affect signal strength and indoor coverage, especially at the edges of coverage footprints. Lower density can also correlate with fewer redundant network sites, reducing resiliency in certain areas.

Terrain and vegetation

  • River bluffs and rolling terrain in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin can create shadowing and variable reception over short distances. This influences practical connectivity even where availability is reported.

Presence of higher-density hubs

  • Platteville and other incorporated communities can support denser network infrastructure and may show comparatively better reported availability, including newer-generation deployments, than sparsely populated areas.

Socioeconomic factors (adoption vs availability)

  • Adoption of mobile-only home internet (captured in ACS as “cellular data plan” subscriptions) is influenced by affordability, housing type, and access to wireline alternatives. County-level adoption patterns are best evaluated using ACS subscription tables rather than coverage maps.

Local and state reference sources for context (non-adoption, planning, and broadband environment)

Summary: what is known with high confidence vs. what is not

  • High-confidence (public, county-applicable):

    • Network availability can be assessed at location-level in Grant County using the FCC National Broadband Map.
    • Household adoption proxies, especially cellular data-plan internet subscriptions, can be measured for Grant County using ACS tables on Census.gov.
    • Geography (rural density and terrain) is relevant to real-world mobile performance and variability.
  • Not reliably available at county level in standard public sources:

    • Definitive countywide smartphone penetration rates and a detailed device-type mix.
    • Countywide measured shares of users on 4G vs 5G as a usage metric (distinct from reported availability).

Social Media Trends

Grant County is in southwestern Wisconsin along the Mississippi River, with Platteville (home to the University of Wisconsin–Platteville), Lancaster, and nearby river communities shaping a mix of college‑influenced and rural media habits. The county’s economy includes education, agriculture, manufacturing, and regional retail/service employment, and its cross‑border ties to Iowa and Illinois support routine use of social platforms for local news, events, school/community coordination, and marketplace activity.

User statistics (penetration / active use)

  • Local (county-specific) social media penetration figures are not routinely published by major survey programs; most reliable estimates for a county are derived by applying national age/gender usage rates to local demographics.
  • National benchmark: About 69% of U.S. adults use at least one social media site (Pew Research Center). Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.
  • Wisconsin context: County patterns generally track statewide broadband/smartphone adoption and age structure; rural areas commonly show slightly lower overall uptake than urban metros due to older age profiles and connectivity variation (contextualized in federal connectivity reporting). Source: FCC National Broadband Map.

Age group trends (who uses social media most)

Based on Pew’s U.S. adult estimates, usage is highest among younger adults and declines with age:

Local interpretation for Grant County:

  • High concentration of 18–24 users in Platteville (university presence) tends to elevate Instagram/Snapchat/TikTok visibility in and around campus and student housing areas.
  • Older rural townships typically skew toward Facebook for community information and family connections, aligning with national age patterns.

Gender breakdown

Pew reports modest gender differences by platform (national adult benchmarks), which generally translate to similar patterns in many counties:

  • Facebook: widely used across genders (differences are typically small).
  • Instagram & Pinterest: higher usage among women than men.
  • Reddit: higher usage among men than women.
    Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.

Most-used platforms (percentages where available)

National adult platform usage shares from Pew (useful as a baseline for Grant County absent county-level polling):

  • YouTube: ~83% of U.S. adults
  • Facebook: ~68%
  • Instagram: ~47%
  • Pinterest: ~35%
  • TikTok: ~33%
  • LinkedIn: ~30%
  • X (Twitter): ~22%
  • Snapchat: ~27%
  • WhatsApp: ~23%
  • Reddit: ~22%
    Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.

County-level expectation (directional):

  • Facebook remains the dominant “community network” for events, school/sports announcements, local government notices, and buy/sell activity in many rural Midwestern counties.
  • YouTube is near-universal across age groups due to entertainment and how-to utility (home repair, agriculture equipment, automotive, cooking, and local interest content).
  • Instagram/TikTok/Snapchat concentrate in younger cohorts, with spillover into local small-business discovery (food, retail, fitness).

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns / platform preferences)

  • Community information behavior: Rural and small-city areas commonly use Facebook Groups/Pages for high-frequency local updates (weather, road conditions, school closings, fundraisers, civic events) and peer recommendations for services.
  • Video-first consumption: YouTube and short-form video platforms support passive, high-time-spent usage, particularly evenings and weekends; TikTok and Instagram Reels are strongest among younger adults. National usage and platform reach are documented by Pew: Pew platform usage estimates.
  • Marketplace behavior: Facebook Marketplace and local buy/sell groups align with practical shopping and resale behavior common in regional counties (vehicles, tools, farm-related items, household goods).
  • Institutional amplification: A university-centered city (Platteville) increases exposure to event-driven posting, student organization promotion, and real-time campus/community updates, reinforcing Instagram/Snapchat/TikTok use among 18–24s while maintaining Facebook as the broad-reach channel.

Sources used: Pew Research Center: Social Media Use (fact sheet); FCC National Broadband Map (connectivity context).

Family & Associates Records

Grant County family-related public records primarily include Wisconsin vital records (birth, death, marriage, and divorce), plus probate and court case records that may document family relationships (guardianship, estates, name changes). Wisconsin adoption records are generally restricted and are not treated as open public records; access is handled through state processes rather than county public indexes.

Grant County residents commonly access local vital-record services through the Grant County Register of Deeds, which maintains or issues certified copies consistent with Wisconsin law. Many vital records are also requested through the Wisconsin Department of Health Services’ Vital Records program.

Public, searchable databases for family/associate-related records typically include court records and recorded documents. Grant County circuit court case information is available through the statewide Wisconsin Circuit Court Access (CCAP) system. Land, lien, and related recordings that may evidence family/associate ties are accessed via the Register of Deeds, including its links to online search tools where provided.

In-person access is generally available at the relevant office during business hours. Privacy restrictions commonly apply to birth records, some death records, adoption records, and records involving minors or sealed court matters; identification and eligibility requirements are applied for certified copies.

Marriage & Divorce Records

Types of records available

Marriage records

  • Marriage licenses (applications/licenses): Issued by the Grant County Clerk as the legal authorization to marry.
  • Marriage certificates/registered marriages: The completed marriage record (returned by the officiant and registered) is maintained as a vital record and is used to produce certified copies.

Divorce records

  • Divorce case files and judgments (divorce decrees): Divorce is handled as a civil court action. The final court order is commonly referred to as the Judgment of Divorce and is kept in the circuit court case record.

Annulment records

  • Annulment case files and judgments: Annulments are also civil court actions. The final order is typically a Judgment of Annulment (or similar court judgment/order) and is maintained in the circuit court case record.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

Local (Grant County) custody

  • Marriage licenses/records: Filed and maintained by the Grant County Clerk (for issuance and local vital record custody).
  • Divorce/annulment files and judgments: Filed with the Clerk of Circuit Court for Grant County as part of the official court case file.

Statewide systems and indexes (Wisconsin)

  • Wisconsin vital records: Marriage records are also held by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS), Vital Records Office, which can issue certified copies of state-held marriage records.
    Link: Wisconsin DHS Vital Records
  • Wisconsin circuit court access: Many divorce and annulment docket entries and some case documents are accessible through Wisconsin’s online case search system, which provides case-level information for circuit court matters.
    Link: Wisconsin Circuit Court Access (WCCA)

Access methods (general)

  • Certified copies: Typically obtained from the custodian office (Grant County Clerk for local marriage records; DHS Vital Records for statewide copies; Clerk of Circuit Court for court judgments/orders where permitted).
  • Court case inspection/copies: Court records are accessed through the Clerk of Circuit Court and the public court record system, subject to confidentiality and sealing rules.

Typical information included in these records

Marriage license / marriage record

Common elements include:

  • Full names of both parties (including prior names where recorded)
  • Date and place of marriage
  • Ages/dates of birth (or age at time of marriage)
  • Residences and/or addresses at time of application
  • Parent information (varies by form and era)
  • Officiant name/title and signature
  • Witness information (where required/recorded)
  • License issuance date and license number
  • Registration/filing information after the ceremony

Divorce decree (judgment of divorce) and related case record

Common elements include:

  • Case caption (names of parties) and case number
  • Filing date and final judgment date
  • Findings and orders dissolving the marriage
  • Orders on legal custody/physical placement, child support, maintenance (spousal support), and property/debt division (as applicable)
  • Court location and judicial officer name/signature
  • Related documents in the file may include pleadings, affidavits, financial disclosures, and parenting plans, subject to confidentiality rules

Annulment judgment and related case record

Common elements include:

  • Case caption and case number
  • Filing date and final judgment date
  • Court findings and the order granting annulment
  • Any related orders involving children, support, or property (as applicable)
  • Judge’s signature and court filing/recording information

Privacy or legal restrictions

Marriage records

  • Wisconsin treats marriage records as vital records. Access to certified copies is governed by state vital records laws and administrative rules, which may limit who can obtain certain certified copies or what form of copy may be issued (certified vs. uncertified/informational). The custodian office applies identification and eligibility requirements for certified copies.

Divorce and annulment records

  • Wisconsin court records are generally presumptively open, but access is limited by statutes and court rules that restrict certain categories of information.
  • Common restrictions include:
    • Confidential information (for example, Social Security numbers, some financial account identifiers, and certain protected personal data) is not publicly available in unredacted form.
    • Sealed records: The court may seal specific documents or an entire case record by order under applicable legal standards.
    • Family case confidentiality rules: Certain filings (such as some financial disclosure materials or reports) may be restricted by rule or statute even when the case docket is viewable.
  • Public access through online court records typically provides docket-level information and may provide document images only for documents that are authorized for online display.

Education, Employment and Housing

Grant County is located in southwestern Wisconsin along the Mississippi River, with Platteville (home to the University of Wisconsin–Platteville) as a principal population and employment center and Lancaster as the county seat. The county includes small cities, villages, and extensive rural agricultural areas, producing a mixed community context of higher-education influence, manufacturing and service employment, and farm-related land use. For authoritative, regularly updated county profiles, the most widely used baselines are the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) and Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) regional datasets; the most recent ACS “5-year” county estimates are typically used for stable small-area measures such as education attainment, commuting, and housing.

Education Indicators

Public school systems and schools (inventory)

Grant County’s K–12 public education is delivered through multiple independent school districts (rather than a single countywide district). A consolidated, official list of public schools and school contact details is maintained in the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction (DPI) directory and district report cards. The most reliable way to enumerate “number of public schools” and list school names is through:

A single county-level school count is not published as a standard ACS table, and “school names” are not an ACS/BLS output; the DPI directory is the authoritative source for the county’s public school roster.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

  • Student–teacher ratios: Reported at the school/district level in DPI staffing and report card products; there is no single countywide ratio published as a standard headline statistic. District ratios commonly vary by grade span and building size in rural counties.
  • Graduation rates: Wisconsin publishes 4-year cohort high school graduation rates by school and district in DPI report cards. Countywide aggregation is not a standard report-card output, so the best available measure is district/school graduation rates for the districts serving county residents (via the DPI report cards referenced above).

Adult educational attainment (countywide)

Countywide adult attainment is best sourced from the ACS 5-year “Educational Attainment” tables (population age 25+). The primary indicators used in county profiles are:

  • High school diploma or higher (age 25+)
  • Bachelor’s degree or higher (age 25+)

These are available through the county profile pages in:

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, AP)

  • Higher education and STEM context: The presence of University of Wisconsin–Platteville is a notable county asset for STEM and applied fields (engineering, technology, education, and related disciplines), and it contributes to local student pipelines, internships, and workforce training typical of university-centered communities.
  • Career and technical education (CTE) / vocational: Wisconsin districts participate in state CTE pathways and youth apprenticeship frameworks; district-level program availability is typically documented in district course guides and DPI CTE reporting rather than county aggregates. A statewide reference point for program structures is the Wisconsin DPI Career and Technical Education program page.
  • Advanced Placement (AP) / dual credit: Offerings vary by high school; AP participation is typically reported in school profiles and course catalogs, not in a standard county summary table. Dual-credit opportunities often occur through agreements with nearby colleges and technical colleges; program details are district-specific.

School safety measures and counseling resources

Public schools in Wisconsin generally implement building security controls (secured entry, visitor procedures), emergency preparedness drills, and student support services, with specifics determined locally. Staffing for school counselors, psychologists, and social workers is commonly reported in district staffing summaries and school report-card context sections, rather than as a countywide consolidated metric. District and school safety planning frameworks are anchored by Wisconsin guidance and reporting structures (for example, DPI student services and safety-related resources), with implementation details published by districts on their official websites.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent year available)

The most defensible “most recent year” unemployment figure for a county is the annual average unemployment rate from BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS). Grant County’s unemployment is tracked in:

(An exact numeric rate is not reproduced here because LAUS annual county rates update and revise; the LAUS tables provide the most current official value.)

Major industries and employment sectors

Grant County’s employment base is typically characterized by:

  • Education services (notably higher education in Platteville)
  • Health care and social assistance
  • Manufacturing
  • Retail trade and accommodation/food services
  • Construction
  • Agriculture (more prominent in land use and proprietorship activity than in wage-and-salary headcounts in many counties)

The standard source for county industry mix and employment is the ACS “Industry by Occupation/Employment” tables and Census County Business Patterns; a convenient entry point is:

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

County occupational structure is generally summarized in ACS categories such as:

  • Management, business, science, and arts
  • Service occupations
  • Sales and office
  • Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
  • Production, transportation, and material moving

Grant County’s profile commonly reflects a blend of professional/education-related roles (consistent with a university hub), healthcare support, manufacturing/production, and construction/maintenance, with rural areas contributing to natural-resources and agriculture-adjacent work. The authoritative breakdown is available in ACS “Occupation” tables via data.census.gov.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

ACS “Commuting (Journey to Work)” tables provide:

  • Mean travel time to work
  • Mode share (drive alone, carpool, work from home, etc.)
  • Place-of-work flows (work in county vs. outside)

For county commuting metrics and mean commute time, use:

Rural counties with one or two employment centers typically show a high share of driving alone and mean commute times commonly in the high teens to mid‑20s minutes range; the ACS county estimate is the definitive figure for Grant County.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

ACS “County-to-county worker flows” and “Place of Work” measures indicate the share of residents working داخل versus outside the county. Grant County’s pattern is influenced by:

  • local anchors in Platteville/Lancaster for education, healthcare, retail, and county services, and
  • commuting to nearby regional job centers in adjacent counties and across the Mississippi River in the tri-state labor market.

The definitive metric is the ACS place-of-work residence/flows data available through data.census.gov and related Census flow products.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership and rental share

The ACS “Tenure” table reports the share of owner-occupied versus renter-occupied housing units. Grant County’s tenure split is available from:

In mixed rural/university counties, owner-occupancy is typically the majority countywide, while renter share concentrates around college-centered neighborhoods (notably in and near Platteville).

Median property values and recent trends

  • Median value of owner-occupied housing units is provided by ACS (5-year). This is the standard county benchmark for property values, available through QuickFacts and ACS tables.
  • Recent trends: ACS provides multi-year estimates; for market-trend context (list prices/sales), county-level real estate trends are often tracked by private listing aggregators rather than official statistics. The ACS median value remains the most consistent public indicator for comparisons over time, with interpretation limited by inflation, interest rates, and compositional change.

Typical rent prices

ACS reports:

In counties with a university, rents and vacancy dynamics commonly show seasonal and neighborhood variation near campus compared with outlying towns and rural rentals.

Housing types

ACS “Units in Structure” describes housing stock composition:

  • Single-family detached homes (often dominant countywide, especially in rural areas and smaller municipalities)
  • Small multifamily (2–9 units) and larger apartments (more common in the Platteville area)
  • Mobile homes (present in many rural counties as an affordability segment)

These shares are available in ACS housing structure tables.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

  • Platteville area: Higher concentration of multifamily rentals, walkable access to university-related amenities, and proximity to city schools and services.
  • Smaller communities (e.g., Lancaster and villages): Predominantly single-family neighborhoods with access to local schools, parks, and municipal services.
  • Rural areas: Larger lots and farm-adjacent properties with longer travel times to schools, healthcare, and retail.

These are structural characteristics inferred from settlement patterns; official neighborhood-level proximity metrics are typically not produced as countywide public statistics.

Property tax overview (rate and typical cost)

Wisconsin property tax burdens vary by municipality, school district, and assessment class. Countywide summaries are available through Wisconsin Department of Revenue (DOR) reporting:

A practical overview uses:

  • Effective property tax rate (taxes paid as a percent of home value) and/or
  • Median annual property taxes paid (ACS provides “Median real estate taxes paid” for owner-occupied housing).

For a standardized county figure, the ACS median real estate taxes paid is the most comparable “typical homeowner cost” metric; DOR publications provide levy and rate context across taxing jurisdictions.