Polk County is a county in east-central Nebraska, positioned west of the Platte River corridor and roughly between the Grand Island and Lincoln metropolitan areas. Established in 1856 and named for President James K. Polk, it developed as part of the state’s mid-19th-century agricultural settlement pattern. The county is small in population, with fewer than 6,000 residents in recent U.S. Census counts. Its landscape is predominantly flat to gently rolling plains characterized by farmland, grassland, and small communities connected by state highways. Polk County’s economy is largely rural and agriculture-based, with farming and related services forming the primary land use and employment base. Community life is centered on small towns and local institutions typical of Nebraska’s county-seat system. The county seat is Osceola, which serves as the main administrative and civic hub for county government and public services.

Polk County Local Demographic Profile

Polk County is a rural county in east-central Nebraska, generally positioned between the Grand Island and Lincoln metro areas. The county seat is Osceola, and county services are administered locally through county offices.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Polk County, Nebraska, Polk County had:

  • Population (2020 Census): 5,358
  • Population (2023 estimate): 5,214

For local government and planning resources, visit the Polk County, Nebraska official website.

Age & Gender

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, the county’s age and sex structure includes:

  • Persons under 18 years: 22.0%
  • Persons 65 years and over: 22.2%
  • Female persons: 49.9%
  • Male persons: 50.1% (derived as the remainder)

Racial & Ethnic Composition

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts (race alone unless noted; Hispanic/Latino is an ethnicity), Polk County’s composition includes:

  • White alone: 96.6%
  • Black or African American alone: 0.4%
  • American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 0.4%
  • Asian alone: 0.3%
  • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.0%
  • Two or more races: 2.2%
  • Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 2.3%

Household & Housing Data

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, key household and housing indicators include:

  • Housing units: 2,503
  • Owner-occupied housing unit rate: 74.9%
  • Median value of owner-occupied housing units: $172,200
  • Median selected monthly owner costs (with a mortgage): $1,276
  • Median selected monthly owner costs (without a mortgage): $531
  • Median gross rent: $856
  • Persons per household: 2.37

Email Usage

Polk County, Nebraska is a sparsely populated rural county where longer distances between towns can raise the cost of last‑mile broadband builds, shaping how residents access digital communication such as email.

Direct county-level email usage statistics are not routinely published; email adoption is commonly inferred from access proxies such as household broadband and device availability reported by the U.S. Census Bureau (data.census.gov) through the American Community Survey. Those indicators (internet subscription status and computer ownership) are standard measures linked to routine email use for work, school, health, and government services.

Age structure also influences adoption: counties with larger shares of older adults typically show lower rates of home broadband subscription and computer use relative to younger populations, affecting the prevalence of personal email accounts and frequency of use. County age and sex distributions are available via the ACS demographic profiles. Gender distribution is generally less predictive of email adoption than age and connectivity, and is mainly relevant for interpreting broader labor-force and caregiving-related digital needs.

Connectivity constraints in rural Nebraska commonly include limited provider choice and uneven high-speed coverage; infrastructure context is documented in the NTIA broadband programs and resources and local planning information from Polk County government.

Mobile Phone Usage

Polk County is in east‑central Nebraska, west of the Lincoln–Omaha metropolitan corridor. It is predominantly rural, with small towns (including Osceola, the county seat) separated by agricultural land. Low population density and long distances between cell sites are structural factors that can reduce signal strength, limit in‑building coverage, and slow the pace of network upgrades in rural parts of the county.

Key distinctions: network availability vs. adoption

Network availability describes where mobile carriers report service (coverage) and what technologies are deployed (4G LTE, 5G).
Adoption describes whether households and individuals actually subscribe to mobile service and use it for internet access. Availability and adoption can diverge in rural areas due to cost, device constraints, or limited plan options.

Network availability (coverage and technology)

4G LTE availability

County-specific, provider-by-provider 4G LTE coverage is typically best assessed through carrier-reported and regulator-compiled maps rather than county health or census tables. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) maintains public mobile coverage and broadband mapping resources that can be used to view reported LTE availability at fine geographic scales (often down to map tiles rather than a “county average”). See the FCC’s mapping resources via the FCC National Broadband Map.

Limitation: Public FCC map outputs are not consistently published as a single “Polk County LTE coverage percentage” indicator, and provider filings may overstate or understate real-world signal conditions depending on terrain, device, and in-building penetration.

5G availability

5G deployment tends to concentrate along higher-traffic corridors and population centers. County-level 5G availability is most reliably represented through the same FCC mapping interface rather than a single county statistic. The FCC National Broadband Map includes layers for mobile broadband technology and can be used to visualize 5G service footprints.

Limitation: The FCC map indicates where providers report service, not measured performance. “5G available” does not imply consistent 5G performance throughout an area, and many 5G deployments still rely on LTE anchor coverage.

Mobile performance and signal experience

There is no official, routinely published countywide performance benchmark (download/upload/latency) that is comparable across all providers and updated frequently. Public datasets and third-party testing platforms may offer estimates, but they are not authoritative for a definitive countywide profile.

Household adoption and mobile internet use (measured subscription and reliance)

Household internet subscriptions and “mobile-only” reliance

The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) provides the most widely used official statistics on household internet subscription types, including cellular data plans, at county scale when sample size permits. This allows a distinction between:

  • Households with any internet subscription
  • Households using cellular data plans
  • Households with broadband such as cable/fiber/DSL
  • Households without an internet subscription

County-level tables for Polk County can be accessed through data.census.gov by searching for Polk County, Nebraska and the ACS “Internet Subscription” subject tables (commonly under detailed tables related to computer and internet use).

Limitation: ACS estimates are survey-based with margins of error, and small rural counties can have larger uncertainty. ACS also measures subscription presence rather than signal quality.

Mobile internet usage patterns

At the county level, official sources generally measure subscription categories rather than detailed usage behaviors (streaming intensity, hotspot dependence, app usage, or time on network). As a result:

  • Adoption indicators can be drawn from ACS (cellular data plan subscription, broadband subscription, no subscription).
  • Technology split usage (how much traffic is on 4G vs 5G) is not typically published as a county statistic by official sources.

Mobile penetration or access indicators (where available)

Proxy indicators commonly used for counties

Because “mobile penetration” is often defined at national or state scales, county-level reporting usually relies on proxies:

  • Household cellular data plan subscription (ACS) as an indicator of mobile internet access/adoption.
  • Household smartphone/computer availability (ACS) as an indicator of device access.
  • Broadband availability (FCC) as an indicator of whether service is offered where people live (availability, not adoption).

The most direct county-level adoption metrics are available through data.census.gov (ACS). Availability is best represented through the FCC National Broadband Map.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

Official county-level breakdowns specifically distinguishing smartphones vs. feature phones are not commonly published as definitive, current statistics. The ACS does provide county-level indicators related to computer ownership and internet access; however, its device categories focus on “computer” and types of internet subscription rather than enumerating smartphone models or feature-phone prevalence. Relevant device-access context for Polk County is most defensibly described using ACS “computer” and “internet subscription” tables from data.census.gov.

Limitation: Without a county-level smartphone vs. feature-phone dataset from an official source, any numeric split for Polk County would be unsupported.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage and connectivity

Rural settlement pattern and population density

Polk County’s dispersed settlement pattern typically implies:

  • Fewer towers per square mile compared with urban counties
  • Greater likelihood of coverage variability outside town centers
  • Higher importance of in-vehicle coverage along highways and farm-to-market roads

These are structural factors that influence availability and quality. They do not directly determine adoption, which is better measured using ACS subscription indicators.

Terrain and land use

The county’s largely agricultural landscape generally reduces obstruction compared with heavily forested or mountainous areas, but distance remains a primary constraint for rural macro-cell coverage. In-building coverage can still be uneven depending on construction materials and distance to the nearest site.

Age, income, and housing characteristics

County differences in:

  • Income distribution
  • Older age profiles common in many rural areas
  • Housing dispersion and multi-generational households

can influence whether households rely on cellular plans, fixed broadband, or remain unconnected. These relationships can be described using county demographic profiles from the Census Bureau’s ACS and decennial census products on Census.gov and data.census.gov.

Limitation: Demographic correlations with mobile-only internet use are measurable in aggregate at broader geographies, but Polk County–specific causal relationships require careful analysis beyond standard published tables.

Local and state planning context (availability, infrastructure, and program reporting)

Nebraska’s broadband planning and grant reporting can provide context on infrastructure expansion that may affect mobile backhaul and rural coverage over time. State-level resources are available through Nebraska’s broadband efforts and mapping portals where published. See Nebraska resources through the State of Nebraska website and, where applicable, statewide broadband program pages maintained by state agencies.

For county administrative context (community locations, roads, public facilities), see the Polk County, Nebraska official website.

Limitation: State broadband materials often emphasize fixed broadband projects; mobile coverage improvements may be indirect (for example, through improved fiber backhaul) and are not always reported as county mobile adoption outcomes.

Summary of what is measurable at county level

  • Availability (4G/5G): Best represented via the FCC National Broadband Map (reported coverage; not adoption).
  • Adoption (household subscription types including cellular plans): Best represented via data.census.gov (ACS; includes margins of error).
  • Device types (smartphone vs. feature phone): No routinely published, authoritative county-level split; ACS supports broader device-access indicators but not a definitive smartphone/feature-phone breakdown for Polk County.

Social Media Trends

Polk County is a rural county in east-central Nebraska along the I‑80 corridor, with Osceola as the county seat and small communities such as Stromsburg and Polk. The local economy is strongly tied to agriculture and small-town services, and the county’s low population density and older age profile relative to urban Nebraska tend to align with heavier use of broadly adopted, utility-oriented platforms (especially Facebook) rather than trend-driven, youth-skewing apps.

User statistics (penetration / active use)

  • County-specific social media penetration is not published in standard public datasets (most major surveys do not report at the county level). The most reliable benchmarks come from national and statewide context:
    • U.S. adults using social media: ~70% (Pew Research Center). Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.
    • Broadband access as a practical constraint: Rural counties with lower broadband availability can see reduced use of video-heavy platforms. County-level connectivity context is available via the FCC National Broadband Map (availability by location), which is relevant to rural Nebraska usage patterns.

Age group trends (highest-using groups)

National age patterns are commonly used to approximate age-related platform adoption in rural counties where local estimates are unavailable.

  • Overall social media use by age (U.S. adults):
  • Implication for Polk County: Given its rural profile and typically older age structure than metro areas, countywide usage tends to be pulled toward platforms with higher penetration among middle-aged and older adults (notably Facebook).

Gender breakdown

  • Overall social media use shows relatively small gender differences at the “any social media” level in major U.S. surveys, while platform choice varies by gender (for example, Pinterest skews more female; some discussion- or video-centric platforms skew more male in usage). Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.
  • County-level gender splits by platform are not reported in public, representative datasets; national benchmarks remain the most methodologically defensible reference for Polk County.

Most-used platforms (percentages where available)

National platform usage shares (U.S. adults) provide the clearest comparable percentages for likely platform mix in rural counties.

Interpretation for Polk County: In rural Midwestern counties, Facebook typically functions as the dominant community information layer (local news, events, groups), while YouTube’s high penetration reflects its role as a general-purpose video and search utility across ages.

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns / preferences)

  • Community and local-information use: Rural counties commonly show heavier reliance on Facebook pages and groups for school activities, civic updates, local commerce, and event coordination, reflecting fewer local media outlets and the centrality of community organizations.
  • Video consumption as a cross-age behavior: YouTube use remains high across age groups and is frequently used for how-to content, news clips, agriculture and equipment content, and entertainment; it is less sensitive to local social-network size than friend/family networks.
  • Age-driven platform separation:
    • Older adults concentrate on Facebook and YouTube.
    • Younger adults over-index on Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, with higher day-to-day content creation and short-form video engagement. Source for age/platform patterning: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.
  • Engagement style differences by platform: Pew’s platform reporting consistently indicates that short-form video platforms (notably TikTok) have higher intensity among their user bases, while Facebook tends to be used for event/relationship maintenance and local updates rather than creator-style publishing. Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.

Family & Associates Records

Polk County family-related public records are primarily maintained through Nebraska’s statewide vital records system rather than county offices. Birth and death certificates are recorded by the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Vital Records office; Polk County typically does not publish searchable birth or death certificate databases. Adoption records in Nebraska are generally sealed and administered through state courts and DHHS, with limited access under statutory rules.

Publicly accessible, family-and-associate related records more commonly appear in court and property systems. Polk County District Court and County Court case files (including probate, guardianship, and some family-related proceedings) are accessible through the Nebraska Judicial Branch’s statewide portal: Nebraska Judicial Branch Case Information (JUSTICE). Land ownership and recorded documents that can reflect family relationships (deeds, mortgages, releases) are filed with the county Register of Deeds: Polk County, Nebraska (official website).

Access methods include ordering certified vital records through DHHS: Nebraska DHHS Vital Records, and searching court case summaries online via JUSTICE. In-person access is typically available at the courthouse for official filings and recorded instruments; fees may apply for copies and certification.

Privacy restrictions apply to vital records (especially birth records) and sealed adoption files; court access may be limited for confidential case types and protected information.

Marriage & Divorce Records

Types of records available

  • Marriage records
    • Marriage license / application: Created when a couple applies to marry through the Polk County Clerk’s office.
    • Marriage certificate / return: The officiant’s completed return documenting that the marriage ceremony occurred, filed back with the county to complete the record.
  • Divorce records
    • Divorce case file (dissolution of marriage): Court records maintained by the Polk County District Court/Clerk of the District Court. Files commonly include the decree and related pleadings and orders.
    • Divorce decree (final order/judgment): The final court order ending the marriage and stating terms approved or ordered by the court.
  • Annulment records
    • Annulment case file and decree (declaration of invalidity): Court records maintained in the same manner as divorce cases, typically in District Court. The final order declares the marriage invalid under Nebraska law rather than dissolving it.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

  • Marriage licenses and completed marriage returns
    • Filed/maintained by: Polk County Clerk (county-level vital record of the license and return).
    • Access: Requests are typically handled through the County Clerk’s office for copies or certified copies, subject to Nebraska access rules and local office procedures.
  • Divorce and annulment case records (including decrees)
    • Filed/maintained by: Polk County District Court (court case record), through the Clerk of the District Court.
    • Access:
      • Court access: Case records are accessible through the Clerk of the District Court, subject to court rules, fees, and redaction/sealing.
      • Statewide case information: Nebraska provides a statewide online case search for many courts through JUSTICE (Nebraska Judicial Branch), which generally includes register-of-actions/docket information and may not provide full document images for all cases: https://supremecourt.nebraska.gov/services/justice.
  • State-level indexes and verification
    • Nebraska maintains vital records functions through the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), which can provide certain statewide vital records services and guidance: https://dhhs.ne.gov/Pages/Vital-Records.aspx. County-created marriage records remain a primary source at the county level.

Typical information included in these records

  • Marriage license/application and certificate/return
    • Names of both parties (including prior/maiden names as provided)
    • Date and place of marriage (as recorded on the return)
    • Date the license was issued
    • Officiant name/title and signature, and sometimes officiant credential information
    • Witness information (when recorded)
    • Ages/birthdates and places of birth, residences, parents’ names, and prior marital status may appear in the application portion depending on the form used at the time of issuance
    • License number or recording/reference information
  • Divorce decree and case file
    • Case caption (names of parties), court, case number
    • Date of filing and date of decree
    • Findings and orders dissolving the marriage
    • Terms on custody/parenting time, child support, and medical support (when applicable)
    • Division of property and debts; restoration of a former name (when ordered)
    • Related orders and filings in the case file (petitions/complaints, summons/service returns, motions, temporary orders, parenting plan, settlement agreement, and support calculation worksheets where used)
  • Annulment decree and case file
    • Case caption, court, case number, filing and decree dates
    • Findings supporting invalidity (grounds) and declaration that the marriage is invalid
    • Orders addressing children, support, and property issues when applicable
    • Associated pleadings and orders within the court file

Privacy or legal restrictions

  • Public access framework
    • Marriage license records are generally treated as public county records, with access managed by the Polk County Clerk. Copy certification and identity requirements may apply to certified copies.
    • Divorce and annulment matters are court records; public access is governed by Nebraska court rules and policies on confidentiality and remote access.
  • Confidential and restricted information
    • Certain information in court files may be confidential, redacted, or sealed by statute, court rule, or court order. This commonly includes Social Security numbers, financial account numbers, some information involving minors, and documents filed under seal (including some protection-order-related materials or sensitive filings).
    • Remote access systems may provide limited information compared with in-person access through the Clerk of the District Court, particularly for documents containing protected personal data.
  • Certified vs. informational copies
    • Certified copies (commonly required for legal name changes, benefits, or immigration processes) are issued by the custodian office (County Clerk for marriage records; Clerk of the District Court for court decrees), typically for a fee and under the issuing office’s procedures.

Education, Employment and Housing

Polk County is in east-central Nebraska along the Interstate 80 corridor, with small towns and surrounding agricultural land anchored by communities such as Osceola (the county seat) and Stromsburg. The county has a relatively older age profile than the state overall and a rural settlement pattern, which shapes school consolidation, commuting to nearby micropolitan/metro job centers, and a housing stock dominated by single-family homes.

Education Indicators

Public schools (count and names)

Polk County’s K–12 public education is primarily provided through two local districts, each operating elementary and secondary grades:

  • Osceola Public Schools (commonly includes Osceola Elementary and Osceola High School)
  • Cross County Community Schools (serving the Polk County portion of the Cross County district; commonly includes Cross County Elementary and Cross County High School)

School names and grade configurations can vary over time with consolidation and building use; the most current directory-style listing is maintained through the Nebraska Department of Education “District Directory” (Nebraska district directory) and district websites.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

  • Student–teacher ratios: District-level ratios in rural Nebraska commonly fall in the low-to-mid teens (students per teacher), reflecting smaller school enrollments and consolidated services. Polk County district ratios are best verified via the district report cards published by the Nebraska Department of Education (Nebraska Education Report Card).
  • Graduation rates: Nebraska’s four-year cohort graduation rates for many rural districts tend to be high (often around or above 90%), but Polk County district values should be taken directly from the state report card for the most recent year available (district graduation outcomes).

Data note: Countywide rollups for ratios and graduation are not always published as a single metric; district report cards are the most reliable current source.

Adult educational attainment

Adult educational attainment in Polk County is typically reported through the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS):

  • High school diploma or higher (age 25+): Rural Nebraska counties generally report high completion rates.
  • Bachelor’s degree or higher (age 25+): Rural counties commonly report lower shares than statewide and metro areas.

The most recent county estimates are available via ACS “Education Attainment” tables on data.census.gov (search: “Polk County, Nebraska educational attainment”).

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, AP)

Across Nebraska’s rural districts, common offerings and partnerships include:

  • Career and Technical Education (CTE) pathways (ag mechanics, manufacturing/industrial tech, business, health sciences), often supported through regional collaboration and state CTE standards (Nebraska Career Education).
  • Dual credit / early college coursework through Nebraska community colleges and universities (implementation varies by district).
  • Advanced Placement (AP) offerings are present in some rural high schools but are less universal than in larger districts; where not available, districts often use dual enrollment as the primary college-credit pathway.

Data note: Specific program inventories (AP course lists, articulated CTE programs, dual credit partners) are district-specific and not consistently aggregated at the county level.

School safety measures and counseling resources

Nebraska public schools generally implement:

  • Required emergency operations planning and safety drills aligned with state guidance.
  • Behavioral health supports through school counselors and, in many districts, referral relationships with local/regional mental health providers.
  • Threat assessment and reporting practices consistent with statewide school safety frameworks, which are summarized through the Nebraska School Safety and Security resources (Nebraska school safety resources).

County-specific staffing levels (counselor-to-student ratios, presence of school resource officers) vary by district and year.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent year available)

Polk County unemployment is typically reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS). The most recent annual and monthly figures are accessible via BLS LAUS (select Nebraska, then Polk County).
Data note: Without a fixed reference year in this request, the definitive “most recent” value should be taken directly from the latest LAUS release for Polk County.

Major industries and employment sectors

Polk County’s employment base reflects a rural Nebraska mix:

  • Agriculture (crop and livestock production) and ag-related services
  • Manufacturing (often food/ag processing and light manufacturing typical of the I‑80 corridor region)
  • Retail trade and accommodation/food services tied to local demand and highway travel
  • Health care and social assistance and educational services as core local employers
  • Construction and transportation/warehousing linked to regional logistics and housing upkeep

Industry composition is most consistently documented through ACS “Industry by occupation” and County Business Patterns; both can be accessed via data.census.gov and the Census Bureau’s business datasets.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

Common occupational groups in Polk County generally include:

  • Management and business
  • Office/administrative support
  • Sales and related
  • Production and transportation/material moving
  • Construction and extraction
  • Healthcare support and practitioner roles
  • Education-related occupations
  • Farming, fishing, and forestry (smaller in headcount than the sector’s land/economic footprint)

The most recent occupational shares are available in ACS tables (search “Polk County, Nebraska occupation”).

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

  • Commuting mode: Rural counties are predominantly car-based, with a high share of workers driving alone; transit usage is typically minimal.
  • Mean commute time: Polk County commute times generally fall in the short-to-moderate range typical of rural counties, with some longer commutes for residents traveling to larger job centers along the I‑80 corridor.

Definitive mean travel time and commuting mode shares are reported in ACS commuting tables on data.census.gov (search “Polk County, Nebraska mean travel time to work”).

Local employment versus out-of-county work

A significant share of Polk County residents commonly work outside the county, reflecting limited local job density and access to nearby employment centers. The clearest county-to-county commuting flow detail is available through the Census Bureau’s OnTheMap/LEHD tools (Census OnTheMap commuter flows), which show inflow/outflow patterns for resident and workplace geography.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership and rental share

Polk County’s housing tenure pattern is typically owner-dominated, consistent with rural Nebraska:

  • Homeownership: commonly well above 70%
  • Renters: a smaller share, concentrated in town centers and near local employers

The most recent owner/renter shares are reported through ACS housing tenure tables on data.census.gov (search “Polk County, Nebraska tenure”).

Median property values and recent trends

  • Median home value: Polk County values are generally below Nebraska metro medians, reflecting smaller housing markets and older housing stock.
  • Trend: Recent years have typically shown price appreciation, consistent with broader Midwest trends (tight inventory, higher construction costs), but with more volatility and fewer sales than in metro counties.

The most recent median value estimates are available in ACS “Value” tables on data.census.gov (search “Polk County, Nebraska median value owner-occupied housing unit”).

Typical rent prices

Rents are typically lower than statewide metro areas, with limited apartment inventory outside town centers. The most recent median gross rent is reported in ACS rent tables on data.census.gov (search “Polk County, Nebraska median gross rent”).

Types of housing

  • Single-family detached homes dominate in Osceola, Stromsburg, and smaller towns.
  • Low-density multifamily (duplexes, small apartment buildings) is present but limited.
  • Rural housing includes farmsteads and homes on acreage, with larger lots and reliance on private wells/septic in some areas.

Housing age profiles in rural Nebraska often skew older (mid-20th-century construction common), influencing renovation demand and utility efficiency.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

  • In Osceola and Stromsburg, residential neighborhoods are generally arranged around a compact main street/business core with short driving distances to schools, parks, and local services.
  • Rural residences offer larger parcels and privacy but require longer drives to schools, groceries, and healthcare, with school bus service typically serving outlying areas.

Property tax overview (rate and typical homeowner cost)

Nebraska property taxes are comparatively high in a national context, and rural counties often rely heavily on property tax for local services (including schools). County-level detail is best sourced from:

  • The Nebraska Department of Revenue property tax statistics and reports (Nebraska property tax reports)
  • Polk County’s valuation and levy information through the county assessor/treasurer publications (when posted)

Data note: A single “average property tax rate” is not uniform across the county because levies vary by school district and local jurisdictions; typical homeowner cost is best represented as effective tax paid relative to assessed value using the Department of Revenue’s published summaries for the most recent year available.