Garfield County is located in north-central Nebraska, within the Sandhills and along the North Loup River valley. Established in the late 19th century during Nebraska’s period of county organization and agricultural settlement, it remains part of a predominantly ranching and farming region. The county is small in population, with fewer than 2,000 residents, and is characterized by widely spaced communities and low-density land use. Its landscape is defined by rolling sandhills, native grasslands, and riverine meadows that support cattle production and haying, alongside limited row-crop agriculture in suitable areas. Local life is largely rural and community-centered, with services and civic institutions concentrated in the county’s small towns. The county seat is Burwell, the primary service and commercial center for the surrounding agricultural area.

Garfield County Local Demographic Profile

Garfield County is a rural county in north-central Nebraska, situated in the Sandhills region along the North Loup River corridor. The county seat is Burwell, and county services are administered locally through county government.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Garfield County, Nebraska, the county’s population was 2,087 (2020).

Age & Gender

County-level age distribution and gender composition are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau through QuickFacts and related tables. The most direct county profile is available via Census QuickFacts (Garfield County), which includes:

  • Age distribution (notably the share under 18 and 65 and over, plus median age)
  • Sex (female and male shares of the total population)

Exact values for each age bracket and the gender ratio are provided in the linked Census profile tables for Garfield County.

Racial & Ethnic Composition

The U.S. Census Bureau publishes county-level race and Hispanic/Latino origin measures in its standard demographic profiles. The primary consolidated county reference is U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts (race and Hispanic origin for Garfield County), which reports:

  • Race categories (e.g., White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Two or More Races)
  • Hispanic or Latino (of any race) as a separate ethnicity measure

Household & Housing Data

Household structure and housing stock indicators are available in the same county profile, including measures such as households, persons per household, and housing units. See U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts (Garfield County household and housing characteristics) for county-level figures.

For local government and planning resources, visit the Garfield County, Nebraska official website.

Email Usage

Garfield County, Nebraska is a sparsely populated rural county where long distances between communities and limited last‑mile infrastructure can constrain reliable, high‑speed connectivity, shaping how often residents can practically rely on email for work, services, and education. Direct county-level email usage statistics are generally not published; email adoption is commonly proxied using household internet/broadband and computer access.

Digital access indicators for Garfield County are best summarized using the U.S. Census Bureau data portal (American Community Survey), which reports broadband subscription and computing-device availability at county scale. Lower broadband subscription rates and lower desktop/laptop access typically correlate with reduced routine email use and greater reliance on mobile-only access.

Age distribution is relevant because older populations tend to show lower rates of home broadband subscription and lower use of online communication tools relative to prime working-age adults; Garfield County’s age structure can be reviewed via ACS demographic tables.

Gender distribution is not a primary driver of access compared with age and infrastructure; county sex composition is available from the same ACS sources.

Connectivity limitations in rural Nebraska commonly include limited provider competition and gaps in high-speed coverage; regional availability and funding context are summarized by the NTIA BroadbandUSA and Nebraska’s state broadband resources.

Mobile Phone Usage

Garfield County is in central Nebraska, with Burwell as the county seat. It is a rural county in the Sandhills region, characterized by grassland terrain, large distances between settlements, and low population density. These factors tend to increase the cost and complexity of building dense mobile networks and can result in coverage gaps, especially away from highways and town centers. County geography and population context are documented through Census.gov QuickFacts for Garfield County and the county’s official presence (for local geography and communities) via Garfield County, Nebraska (official website).

Data limitations and how this overview is organized

County-specific, directly measured statistics for “mobile phone penetration” (for example, the share of residents owning a mobile phone) are not consistently published at the county level in a way that cleanly separates smartphones from other mobile phones. The most reliable county-level information tends to be:

  • Network availability (provider-reported coverage and technology layers) from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
  • Household adoption of broadband (including cellular data plans as a form of internet subscription in many surveys) from U.S. Census products; these are often more reliable at the state level than the county level for detailed breakdowns.

This overview clearly separates network availability from household adoption, and cites primary public sources such as the FCC National Broadband Map and U.S. Census resources.

Network availability (coverage) in Garfield County

Network availability describes where mobile networks are reported to work and which technologies are advertised (4G LTE, 5G variants). Availability does not measure whether residents subscribe to mobile service or use mobile internet.

4G LTE availability

  • In rural Nebraska counties such as Garfield, 4G LTE is generally the baseline mobile broadband technology reported by nationwide carriers, with the strongest reliability typically concentrated near towns (such as Burwell) and along major road corridors.
  • Carrier-reported LTE coverage can be examined by address or area using the FCC National Broadband Map, which provides location-based availability by provider and technology.

5G availability

  • 5G availability in rural Great Plains counties is often present in limited footprints compared with metropolitan areas. In counties like Garfield, 5G—where reported—commonly appears as broader-coverage “nationwide” 5G layers rather than dense high-capacity small-cell deployments.
  • The most authoritative public, county-relevant view of reported 5G coverage is the FCC National Broadband Map. The map distinguishes mobile broadband technologies and allows filtering by provider.

Important measurement notes for availability

  • FCC mobile availability is based on provider filings and standardized methodologies; it represents reported service availability, not guaranteed indoor performance or speed at every point.
  • Rural terrain and vegetation patterns in the Sandhills, combined with distance from towers, can contribute to variable indoor signal strength and dead zones even within “covered” areas on maps. These performance variations are not directly quantified at the county level in a single public dataset.

Household adoption and “mobile access” indicators (distinct from availability)

Adoption reflects whether households actually subscribe to and use mobile service or mobile internet, which can differ from network availability due to cost, device access, plan selection, and digital skills.

County-level adoption indicators

  • The U.S. Census Bureau’s QuickFacts pages sometimes provide high-level “computer and internet use” indicators, but detailed county-level breakouts specifically for smartphone ownership or cellular-data-only home internet are not consistently available in a single, stable county table.
  • For Garfield County, the best starting point for locally contextualized demographic and housing indicators relevant to adoption (age structure, income, housing dispersion) is Census.gov QuickFacts. These factors correlate with subscription patterns but do not, by themselves, measure mobile adoption.

State-level adoption context (Nebraska)

  • State broadband planning materials often summarize broadband subscription and access conditions, including mobile and fixed broadband considerations, and may discuss rural adoption barriers. Nebraska’s statewide broadband resources are consolidated via the Nebraska Broadband Office. These sources provide state context rather than a county-specific mobile penetration rate.

Mobile internet usage patterns (4G vs 5G use)

County-level usage telemetry (the share of residents actively using 5G vs 4G) is generally not published in a comprehensive public dataset. The most defensible public characterization separates capability/availability from typical usage patterns inferred from rural network realities:

  • 4G LTE remains the most consistently usable mobile broadband layer across wide rural geographies, and is commonly relied upon for both on-the-go connectivity and, in some households, as a primary internet connection where fixed options are limited.
  • 5G use is constrained by both coverage footprint and device ownership. Even where 5G is reported available, actual use depends on having a 5G-capable device and plan, and being in a location where 5G signal quality is sufficient.
  • For a county-specific check of whether a given location is reported to have 4G LTE and/or 5G from particular carriers, the most direct tool is the FCC National Broadband Map.

Common device types (smartphones vs other devices)

Direct, county-level measures of device type (smartphone vs feature phone vs hotspot-only) are not typically published as official statistics for Garfield County.

Reliable, non-speculative statements that can be made using public data constraints:

  • Smartphones are the dominant mobile device type nationally, and Nebraska generally follows national device adoption trends; however, a Garfield County–specific smartphone share is not available as a standard official county statistic in the primary public sources used for broadband planning and federal mapping.
  • In rural counties, mobile hotspots and cellular-capable routers are commonly used as substitutes or supplements to fixed broadband in some households, but the prevalence of these device categories is not quantified at the county level in a single authoritative public dataset.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage and connectivity

This section focuses on factors with clear relevance to rural Nebraska counties and that are measurable through standard public sources, without asserting unmeasured county-specific adoption rates.

Geography, settlement patterns, and infrastructure economics

  • Low population density and dispersed housing increase per-user infrastructure costs and can reduce the business case for dense tower placement. This can affect both coverage continuity and network capacity.
  • The Sandhills terrain is largely open grassland with rolling topography; signal propagation can be favorable in open areas, but distance to towers and limited backhaul infrastructure can still constrain performance in remote locations.

Population density and housing dispersion indicators for Garfield County are available via Census.gov QuickFacts.

Age structure and income

  • Older age profiles in rural areas are often associated in research literature with lower rates of smartphone adoption and lower intensity of mobile data use, though county-specific mobile adoption by age is not available as a standard public table for Garfield County in the primary sources cited here.
  • Income and poverty indicators can influence mobile plan affordability and device replacement cycles. Garfield County income measures can be referenced through Census.gov QuickFacts.

Travel corridors and town centers

  • Mobile coverage and capacity are typically strongest in and near Burwell and along primary roadways where demand clusters and infrastructure is more feasible to support. This is consistent with rural network deployment patterns; the precise footprint is best verified using the FCC National Broadband Map.

Summary: availability vs adoption in Garfield County

  • Availability (network coverage): The most authoritative public, location-specific source is the FCC National Broadband Map, which can show reported 4G LTE and 5G coverage by provider within Garfield County. Rural geography and low density are structural constraints on uniform coverage.
  • Adoption (household use and subscriptions): County-level mobile phone penetration and smartphone share are not consistently available as official county statistics. General demographic and housing indicators that influence adoption can be referenced through Census.gov QuickFacts, while broader planning context is available from the Nebraska Broadband Office.

Social Media Trends

Garfield County is a sparsely populated rural county in north‑central Nebraska, with Burwell as the county seat and a local economy tied largely to agriculture and small‑town services. Its low population density and older age structure typical of rural Great Plains counties generally correspond to heavier reliance on Facebook for local information-sharing and comparatively lower adoption of newer, youth‑skewing platforms.

User statistics (penetration / active use)

  • No county-specific, directly measured social media penetration rate is published in major public datasets; most reliable measures are available at national or statewide levels rather than for individual rural counties.
  • National benchmarks commonly used to contextualize local areas:
  • Rural context indicator (relevant to Garfield County’s rural profile):

Age group trends

National age patterns used to approximate rural-county tendencies (platform ordering can differ locally, but age gradients are consistent across studies):

  • Highest overall social media use: ages 18–29, followed by 30–49; usage is lower among 50–64 and 65+ (Pew Research Center, 2023). Source: Pew Research Center age breakdowns.
  • Platform skews by age (national):

Gender breakdown

  • Nationally, gender differences vary by platform more than for “any social media” overall:
    • Women tend to report higher use of Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest than men.
    • Men tend to report higher use of YouTube and some discussion/news-oriented communities in other research.
    • The most consistently cited U.S. source for these platform-by-platform gender gaps is Pew Research Center. Source: Pew Research Center gender breakdowns.

Most‑used platforms (percentages from reliable U.S. surveys)

Because county-level platform shares are not published in major public surveys, the most defensible percentages for Garfield County are U.S. adult benchmarks:

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns and preferences)

  • Local-information use: In rural counties, Facebook commonly functions as a community bulletin board for schools, local events, weather/disaster updates, buy/sell/trade groups, and county/city announcements; this aligns with Facebook’s broad adoption among adults and strong network effects in small communities (Pew adoption patterns support the platform’s reach among older and middle-aged adults). Source: Pew Research Center: Facebook reach across adult age groups.
  • Video as a cross-age behavior: YouTube’s very high penetration nationally supports it as the most universal platform across age groups, including in rural settings where entertainment, how‑to content, and agricultural/mechanical tutorials are common use cases. Source: Pew Research Center: YouTube adoption.
  • Youth-driven platforms: TikTok and Snapchat engagement is concentrated among younger adults nationally, producing a pattern where rural areas with older age profiles tend to show lower overall share for these platforms than metro areas. Source: Pew Research Center: platform adoption by age and community type.
  • Messaging and group-based engagement: Smaller communities often emphasize private groups and direct messaging for coordination (school activities, church/community organizations, local commerce), which is consistent with Facebook’s group tools and the broader national use of messaging features embedded in major platforms (context from Pew’s platform reach and usage frequency reporting). Source: Pew Research Center: social media usage patterns.

Family & Associates Records

Garfield County family-related public records generally fall under Nebraska’s statewide vital records system and county court records. Birth and death records are maintained by the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Vital Records; certified copies are issued through the state rather than county offices. Access information and ordering options are provided by Nebraska DHHS Vital Records. Marriage dissolution (divorce) case files, guardianships, and some family-related proceedings are filed with the county court; access is typically in person through the clerk’s office at the courthouse. Garfield County office contacts and hours are listed on the Garfield County, Nebraska official website.

Adoptions in Nebraska are handled through the courts and are not treated as general public records; adoption files are commonly sealed with restricted access. Birth records connected to adoption may also be subject to additional statutory limits.

Public-facing databases for case information are commonly available through Nebraska’s judicial branch online case search (coverage varies by case type and access level). Record access frequently involves a distinction between viewing docket/case index information and obtaining certified copies.

Privacy restrictions apply to vital records (birth and death certificates) and many family court matters involving minors, abuse/neglect, and adoption; identification, eligibility, and fees are standard for certified vital record requests.

Marriage & Divorce Records

Record types maintained in Garfield County, Nebraska

  • Marriage licenses and marriage records (county-level): Marriage licenses are issued by the county and form the core local record of a marriage. Counties typically retain the license application and the returned/recorded license (often including the officiant’s certification).
  • Divorce records (court-level): Divorce case files are created and maintained by the district court. The final outcome is reflected in a Decree of Dissolution of Marriage (divorce decree) and related orders.
  • Annulments (court-level): Annulments are handled as civil actions in the district court, with a final Decree of Annulment (or similar final judgment) and associated filings.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

  • Marriage records

    • Filed/maintained by: Garfield County Clerk (as the county’s issuing/recording office for marriage licenses).
    • State registration: Nebraska’s vital records system also maintains statewide marriage records through the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Vital Records.
    • Access methods: Common access channels include in-person requests at the county clerk’s office, written requests (mail), and state-level requests through DHHS Vital Records. Some historical indexes may be available through archival/microfilm holdings or third-party databases, depending on record age and availability.

  • Divorce and annulment records

    • Filed/maintained by: Garfield County District Court (Clerk of the District Court), as part of the statewide district court system.
    • Access methods: Court records are typically accessed through the Clerk of the District Court by case number and party name, subject to court rules and any sealing/confidentiality orders. Nebraska also provides electronic case information for many courts through the judicial branch’s online systems, with limitations for confidential information.

Typical information contained in the records

  • Marriage license/record

    • Full names of the parties
    • Date and place (county) of marriage license issuance and the marriage event
    • Ages or dates of birth (varies by form and era)
    • Residences at time of application
    • Officiant name and title, and certification/return information
    • Witness information (where recorded)
    • Application details may also include prior marital status and other identifying information, depending on the form used at the time

  • Divorce decree (dissolution) and case file

    • Caption (court, parties, case number)
    • Findings and the date of decree
    • Orders regarding dissolution of the marriage
    • Provisions on children (custody, parenting time, child support) when applicable
    • Property division and debt allocation
    • Spousal support/alimony orders when applicable
    • Name restoration orders when requested and granted
    • Supporting filings may include pleadings, financial affidavits, settlement agreements, and parenting plans, depending on the case

  • Annulment decree and case file

    • Caption (court, parties, case number)
    • Findings and the date of decree
    • Judgment declaring the marriage void/annulled under the court’s authority
    • Any related orders addressing property, support, and children, where applicable
    • Supporting pleadings and evidence filings, which may be more sensitive in nature depending on grounds alleged

Privacy and legal restrictions

  • Vital records restrictions (marriage): Nebraska treats vital records as regulated records; certified copies and some identifying details are commonly subject to state rules governing eligibility and documentation. Older records may be more broadly available through archival or published index sources, while certified vital record copies remain governed by state requirements.
  • Court record access (divorce/annulment): Nebraska court records are generally public, but specific documents or information may be restricted by statute, court rule, or court order. Common restrictions include:
    • Sealed cases or sealed filings by judicial order
    • Confidential identifiers (such as Social Security numbers) and other protected personal data
    • Certain information involving minors, abuse protection, and sensitive financial or medical details
  • Certified copies vs. informational copies: Courts and vital records offices distinguish between certified copies (for legal purposes) and non-certified/informational copies or docket information. Certification and identity/eligibility requirements vary by record type and custodian office.

Education, Employment and Housing

Garfield County is a rural county in central Nebraska with its county seat in Burwell. The county has a small, dispersed population centered on Burwell and smaller communities and farm/ranch areas, with services and employment tied to agriculture, local government and schools, healthcare, and small businesses. (For baseline county demographics and regularly updated estimates, see the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts profile for Garfield County.)

Education Indicators

Public schools (count and names)

Garfield County’s public K–12 education is primarily served by the Burwell-area public school system. A commonly referenced district configuration includes:

  • Burwell Public Schools (serving elementary, middle, and high school grades in Burwell)

A current directory of public schools/districts is available through the Nebraska Department of Education (NDE) District and School Information System (official listing; school names and counts can vary by year due to reporting structure and consolidations).

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

  • Student–teacher ratio: County-specific ratios are not consistently published as a single countywide statistic because staffing and enrollment are reported at the district/school level. District-level staffing and enrollment measures are reported through NDE’s accountability and data systems (official source: Nebraska Department of Education).
  • Graduation rate: Nebraska reports graduation rates by district and school (4-year cohort). Countywide graduation rates are not always published as a standalone figure. District/school cohort graduation results are available via NDE’s reporting tools and accountability data (see the Nebraska Student-Centered Assessment and Accountability (NSAA) information for linked reporting resources).

Proxy note: In small rural counties, graduation rates can vary year-to-year due to small cohort sizes; district-level reporting is the most reliable unit for interpretation.

Adult education levels

Adult educational attainment is tracked through the American Community Survey (ACS) and summarized in the county QuickFacts profile:

  • High school diploma (or higher): Reported in QuickFacts/ACS for Garfield County (percentage of adults age 25+).
  • Bachelor’s degree or higher: Also reported in QuickFacts/ACS for Garfield County (percentage of adults age 25+).

Official compilation: Garfield County QuickFacts (educational attainment).

Notable programs (STEM, vocational training, AP)

Program offerings (Advanced Placement, dual credit, career/technical education, agriculture education, skilled trades pathways) are typically determined at the district level in rural Nebraska and may be delivered through:

  • District-based CTE coursework and supervised agricultural experiences (common in central Nebraska districts)
  • Dual-credit coursework through Nebraska community colleges/universities (varies by district partnerships)
  • Regional career academies or shared-service arrangements (where applicable)

Because countywide program inventories are not published as a single dataset, the most reliable proxy is district course catalogs and NDE CTE program reporting (official statewide framework: NDE Career Education).

School safety measures and counseling resources

Nebraska public schools commonly implement safety measures such as controlled entry procedures, visitor management, emergency operations planning, and required drills aligned with state guidance. Student support typically includes school counseling services, with expanded behavioral health supports sometimes coordinated through Educational Service Units (ESUs) and regional providers. State-level guidance and frameworks are maintained by NDE (see NDE School Safety and related student services resources at NDE Student Services). Specific staffing (counselor-to-student levels) is reported by district rather than county.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent available)

County unemployment rates are published monthly and annually through the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS). The most recent figures for Garfield County are available via:

Data note: A single definitive annual unemployment rate is best taken from the latest completed calendar year annual average in LAUS. County values in small-population areas can be more volatile month-to-month.

Major industries and employment sectors

Garfield County’s employment base reflects a rural service center plus surrounding agricultural production. The largest sectors typically include:

  • Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (farm/ranch operations and related services)
  • Educational services (public schools are a major local employer)
  • Health care and social assistance (clinics, long-term care, emergency services)
  • Retail trade and accommodation/food services (local-serving businesses)
  • Public administration (county/city services)

Industry composition and labor force characteristics are available through ACS and related Census profiles (see data.census.gov for Garfield County industry tables).

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

In rural Nebraska counties, occupational distribution commonly skews toward:

  • Management, business, and financial operations (small business owners, administrators)
  • Education, training, and library
  • Healthcare practitioners/support
  • Sales and office
  • Construction, installation/maintenance/repair
  • Transportation and material moving
  • Farming, fishing, and forestry

County occupation breakdowns (percent of employed residents by major occupational group) are available in ACS tables via data.census.gov.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

  • Mean commute time: Reported by ACS for county of residence (average minutes traveled to work). Garfield County’s current mean travel time and commuting mode shares (drive alone, carpool, etc.) are available through ACS commuting tables and are often summarized in QuickFacts and data.census.gov (see QuickFacts commuting/transportation and ACS commute tables).
  • Typical pattern: Predominantly personal vehicle commuting is characteristic of rural Nebraska, with trips to Burwell and occasional longer commutes to larger regional centers for specialized employment and services.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

ACS “place of work” and “county-to-county commuting flows” are used to measure the share of residents working within the county versus commuting out. In rural counties with limited large employers, a measurable portion of the workforce often commutes to adjacent counties for healthcare, construction, specialized trades, or regional retail/industrial jobs. The most direct proxy sources are:

Proxy note: LEHD/OnTheMap coverage can vary for very small areas; ACS remains the standard baseline for county residence-based commuting indicators.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

Homeownership and rental occupancy are reported in ACS housing tables and summarized in QuickFacts:

  • Owner-occupied housing rate: Available for Garfield County via QuickFacts housing.
  • Renter share: Derived as the remainder of occupied units not owner-occupied (also available directly in ACS tenure tables on data.census.gov).

Rural Nebraska counties typically have higher homeownership rates than metropolitan areas, reflecting single-family housing stock and long-term residency patterns.

Median property values and recent trends

  • Median value of owner-occupied housing units: Reported in ACS for Garfield County (current 5-year estimates) and summarized in QuickFacts.
  • Trend context (proxy): In rural Nebraska, prices have generally increased since the late 2010s, with fluctuations driven by interest rates, limited inventory, and demand for well-maintained single-family homes in county seats. A precise county trend line requires comparing successive ACS 5-year estimates or using local assessor sales ratio studies where published.

Typical rent prices

  • Median gross rent: Reported in ACS for Garfield County (5-year estimate) and accessible via data.census.gov. QuickFacts also provides rent metrics where available.

Proxy note: In small rural markets, rents can vary widely based on availability (limited apartment stock) and the presence of single-family rentals.

Types of housing

Housing stock in Garfield County is predominantly:

  • Single-family detached homes (especially in Burwell and rural residences)
  • Farmsteads and rural acreages (dispersed housing outside town)
  • Smaller multifamily buildings and duplexes (limited, concentrated in Burwell)

ACS structure type (“units in structure”) tables provide the county distribution by single-family vs. multifamily and mobile homes (see ACS housing structure tables).

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools or amenities)

  • In Burwell, housing is typically within short driving distance of schools, the courthouse/county offices, local retail, parks, and healthcare services, consistent with a county-seat service center.
  • Outside town, rural lots and farm/ranch housing involve longer travel distances for schooling, groceries, and medical care, with daily activity patterns oriented around vehicle travel.

Data limitation: Countywide datasets do not quantify “walkability” or proximity metrics uniformly; local GIS and municipal planning documents (where available) are the typical sources for precise proximity measures.

Property tax overview (average rate and typical homeowner cost)

Nebraska property taxes are administered locally with state oversight and vary by levy (schools, county, city, and other districts). County-level effective rates and typical tax bills can be approximated using:

  • Nebraska Department of Revenue, Property Assessment and Taxation resources and reports (official: Nebraska DOR Property Assessment Division)
  • County assessor/treasurer published levy and valuation summaries (local official sources)

Proxy note: Nebraska is frequently characterized by comparatively high effective property tax burdens nationally; the most defensible “typical homeowner cost” for Garfield County is calculated by combining the county’s median home value (ACS) with the locally reported effective levy/effective tax rate from DOR or county levy statements. County-specific effective rates and typical bills should be taken directly from the latest DOR and county levy publications rather than statewide averages.

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Other Counties in Nebraska