Keya Paha County

Keya Paha County is a rural county in north-central Nebraska, bordering South Dakota and centered on the Keya Paha River watershed. It lies within the Sandhills–Niobrara region, characterized by rolling grass-covered dunes, river valleys, and expansive rangeland. The county was established in the late 19th century during Nebraska’s westward settlement era and takes its name from a term associated with the local river. Keya Paha County is small in population, with only a few thousand residents, and settlement is dispersed among small towns and agricultural areas. The economy is dominated by ranching and related agricultural activity, reflecting the county’s extensive pastureland and low-density development. Cultural life is typical of Nebraska’s rural Great Plains counties, with community events tied to schools, agriculture, and local civic organizations. The county seat is Springview.

Keya Paha County is a sparsely populated county in north-central Nebraska, along the Niobrara River region and near the South Dakota border. The county seat is Springview, and the area is characterized by rural communities and agricultural land use.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Keya Paha County, Nebraska, the county had a population of 833 (2020).

Age & Gender

The U.S. Census Bureau’s data.census.gov platform provides county-level detail tables for Keya Paha County covering age cohorts and sex (gender) composition (e.g., total population by age groups and male/female counts). Exact age-distribution percentages and the gender ratio are not stated directly in the QuickFacts population line, and a single definitive set of values cannot be cited here without selecting and reproducing specific table outputs from data.census.gov.

Racial & Ethnic Composition

Race and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity statistics for Keya Paha County are published by the U.S. Census Bureau in QuickFacts and in detailed decennial census and ACS tables on data.census.gov. Exact county-level percentages and category breakdowns are not reproduced here because they vary by dataset and year (decennial census vs. ACS multi-year estimates), and no single table/year has been specified.

Household & Housing Data

County-level household and housing indicators (including number of households, average household size, housing units, occupancy/vacancy, and selected housing characteristics) are reported in U.S. Census Bureau products available through QuickFacts and detailed tables on data.census.gov. Exact household and housing figures are not listed in this response because they depend on the specific census/ACS table selection and reference year.

Local Government Reference

For county government contacts and local administrative context, visit the Keya Paha County official website.

Keya Paha County is rural and sparsely populated, so long distances between households and limited last‑mile infrastructure can constrain reliable home internet access, shaping how residents use email and other online services. Direct county-level email usage statistics are not routinely published; email adoption is summarized using proxy indicators such as broadband subscription, device access, and age structure from the U.S. Census Bureau (data.census.gov).

Digital access indicators (proxy for email access)

County profiles in ACS tables on data.census.gov report household broadband subscriptions and computer ownership, which are closely tied to regular email access (especially for webmail, account recovery, school/health portals, and job applications).

Age distribution and likely influence on email adoption

ACS age distributions for Keya Paha County (via U.S. Census Bureau) indicate a relatively older population compared with many urban areas, a factor commonly associated with lower home broadband uptake and slower adoption of digital communication tools.

Gender distribution

Gender balance is available in ACS demographic profiles (U.S. Census Bureau) but is not a primary driver of email access relative to broadband and age.

Connectivity and infrastructure limitations

Rural network buildout constraints are reflected in federal broadband availability and deployment resources such as the FCC National Broadband Map, which documents service footprints and gaps relevant to consistent email access.

Keya Paha County is in north-central Nebraska along the South Dakota border, with small communities (including Springview, the county seat) separated by long distances. The county’s very low population density, large agricultural land area, and river-valley terrain (notably along the Niobrara River) are factors that commonly constrain mobile coverage consistency and backhaul economics in rural wireless networks. General county context and geography are available from the county profile on Census.gov (via county-level tables) and mapping resources such as the U.S. Geological Survey.

Network availability (coverage) vs. adoption (actual use)

Network availability describes where mobile voice/data service is technically reachable (often presented as outdoor coverage or provider-reported service areas). Adoption describes whether residents/households actually subscribe to mobile service and use mobile internet, which depends on affordability, device ownership, digital skills, and whether mobile meets reliability needs.

County-level adoption measures are not consistently published at the same granularity as coverage, and some datasets are modeled or sample-based. The most commonly cited sources for coverage and broadband adoption indicators are the FCC National Broadband Map (availability) and the American Community Survey (ACS) (adoption and device types, typically at county level but subject to margins of error in sparsely populated counties).

Mobile penetration or access indicators (adoption)

Household internet subscription and mobile-only reliance

• Primary county-level adoption indicator: The ACS provides county estimates for household internet subscription categories, which typically include cable/fiber/DSL/satellite and “cellular data plan” as an internet subscription type. For rural counties, the ACS is often the only recurring public source that can be used to quantify how many households report a cellular data plan as part of their internet subscription.
• Data limitations in very small populations: Keya Paha County’s small population can produce larger sampling error for one-year ACS estimates; multi-year ACS tables are commonly used to improve stability. These constraints should be treated as methodological limitations rather than precise point measures.
• Where to obtain: County-level internet subscription and device data can be accessed through data.census.gov (ACS tables related to “Computer and Internet Use”).

Mobile access as a substitute for fixed broadband

• Rural Great Plains counties often show higher rates of using cellular data plans as an internet option where fixed broadband is limited or expensive; however, county-specific mobile-only shares must be taken from ACS tables rather than inferred.

Mobile internet usage patterns (4G, 5G availability)

4G LTE availability

• General expectation for rural Nebraska: 4G LTE coverage is typically more geographically extensive than 5G, but the consistency of LTE performance varies with distance to towers, spectrum holdings, and terrain (river breaks and rolling hills can affect line-of-sight).
• County-specific availability: Provider-reported LTE availability by location is best reviewed on the FCC National Broadband Map, which allows location-based queries and provider comparisons. The FCC map is an availability dataset and does not measure take-up.

5G availability and characteristics

• Rural 5G pattern: In rural counties, 5G—where present—is often deployed on low-band spectrum, which prioritizes coverage over capacity. High-capacity mid-band or mmWave deployments are generally concentrated in higher-density areas rather than sparsely populated counties.
• County-specific confirmation: The FCC National Broadband Map can be used to identify reported 5G availability by provider and location. This is the most direct public tool for differentiating claimed 4G vs. 5G availability at fine geographic levels.

Performance and reliability measurement

• Availability vs. real-world performance: The FCC map indicates where service is reported as available, not the experienced throughput, latency, or in-building reliability. Performance varies with network load and distance from sites.
• Supplementary measurement sources: Aggregated speed-test platforms can provide contextual performance information, but they are not authoritative coverage datasets and can be biased by who runs tests and where.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

Smartphones and other connected devices

• County-level device ownership: The ACS includes measures of household computer types (desktop/laptop/tablet) and internet subscription types. It does not directly enumerate “smartphone ownership” in the same way many private surveys do, but it does track whether households have an internet subscription that includes a cellular data plan and whether they have computing devices.
• Practical interpretation: In rural counties, households reporting cellular data plans frequently access the internet via smartphones and/or mobile hotspots, but the ACS does not provide a definitive county count of smartphone devices. Device-type detail at county scale is therefore limited to what ACS tables publish (computer types and subscription categories).

Fixed wireless and hotspots

• Mobile-adjacent access: Some households rely on hotspots (phone-tethering or dedicated hotspot devices) as a substitute for fixed connections. Public datasets usually capture this indirectly through “cellular data plan” subscription reporting rather than by counting hotspot devices.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage

Population density and settlement pattern

• Keya Paha County’s settlement pattern—small towns and widely dispersed rural residences—raises the cost per subscriber for tower construction and backhaul, which tends to reduce coverage density and increase the likelihood of coverage gaps compared with urban Nebraska counties.
• Low density also affects capacity demand; networks may prioritize coverage footprints over high-capacity densification.

Terrain, vegetation, and the Niobrara corridor

• River valleys, bluffs, and tree cover can affect signal propagation and in-building reception. These factors can create localized dead zones even where broad-area availability is reported.

Age structure and income (adoption drivers)

• Adoption is commonly associated with income, age, and educational attainment. County-level demographic profiles are available through data.census.gov. In sparsely populated counties, these characteristics can correlate with different levels of smartphone reliance, but county-specific conclusions require referencing the ACS estimates rather than inference.

Travel patterns and distance to services

• Long travel distances for work, education, health care, and farm/ranch operations can increase reliance on mobile connectivity for navigation, messaging, and time-sensitive coordination. Public datasets generally do not quantify this at the county level; it is a contextual factor rather than a measured adoption statistic.

Authoritative sources for county-specific verification

• Coverage (availability): FCC National Broadband Map for provider-reported mobile broadband availability by location.
• Household adoption and device/subscription indicators: data.census.gov (ACS “Computer and Internet Use” tables) for county estimates of internet subscriptions, including cellular data plans.
• State-level broadband context and mapping: Nebraska Broadband Office for statewide planning context, program information, and mapping resources that may include regional context relevant to rural counties.

Data limitations specific to Keya Paha County

• Small-sample uncertainty: ACS county estimates for very small populations can have wide margins of error; multi-year estimates are commonly more stable than single-year snapshots.
• Provider-reported coverage: FCC mobile availability is based on provider filings and standardized modeling, and may not reflect in-building coverage or localized terrain effects.
• Device-type granularity: Public county-level sources provide limited direct measurement of smartphone ownership; county-level analysis generally relies on subscription-type indicators and broader device categories.

Keya Paha County is a sparsely populated, rural county in north‑central Nebraska along the South Dakota border. Its county seat is Springview, and the area’s economy and daily life are closely tied to agriculture and ranching, long travel distances between communities, and generally lower population density than the Nebraska average—factors that tend to make mobile connectivity, local Facebook groups, and messaging-based communication especially important for community news and coordination.

User statistics (penetration and overall activity)

• Local (county-level) social media penetration: No regularly published, statistically robust social-media penetration estimates exist specifically for Keya Paha County due to its very small population base and limited county-representative samples in major surveys.
• Best-available benchmarks used for rural county context:
  • U.S. adults using social media: Approximately 7 in 10 U.S. adults report using at least one social media site, according to Pew Research Center’s Social Media Fact Sheet.
  • Rural vs. urban usage gap: Pew’s national polling commonly finds lower adoption in rural areas than in urban/suburban areas, with differences varying by platform and year; this is documented across Pew’s recurring social media and internet datasets (see the same Pew fact sheet for platform-by-platform rural breakouts where available).
  • Connectivity as a constraint: Internet availability and quality in rural regions can shape usage frequency and platform choice; national rural broadband patterns are tracked by the FCC Broadband Progress Reports and the USDA Economic Research Service rural broadband overview.

Age group trends (who uses social media most)

• Highest overall use: Adults 18–29 consistently show the highest social media use across platforms in Pew’s tracking, followed by 30–49; usage is lower among 50–64 and lowest among 65+ (see age breakouts in Pew Research Center social media statistics).
• Platform-specific age patterns (national):
  • Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok: Skew younger (highest among 18–29).
  • Facebook: Broadest age spread; still widely used among 30–49 and 50–64, with meaningful usage among 65+ compared with most other platforms.
  • YouTube: High usage across most age groups, including older adults, making it one of the most universally used platforms by age.

Gender breakdown

• Overall: Nationally, women are modestly more likely than men to use several major platforms, while some platforms are closer to parity; Pew provides gender splits by platform in the Pew social media fact sheet.
• Common patterns (national):
  • Women higher: Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest (Pinterest shows the largest gender gap).
  • Near parity: YouTube tends to be closer to even, depending on year and measure.

Most‑used platforms (percentages where available; national benchmarks)

County-specific platform shares are not published in major probability surveys; the most reliable proxies are national estimates:

• YouTube: ~83% of U.S. adults
• Facebook: ~68%
• Instagram: ~47%
• Pinterest: ~35%
• TikTok: ~33%
• LinkedIn: ~30%
• Snapchat: ~27%
• X (formerly Twitter): ~22%
  Source: Pew Research Center, Social Media Use (platform fact sheet).

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns and preferences in rural county context)

• Community information exchange: Rural counties commonly rely on Facebook pages/groups for local announcements (schools, weather impacts, community events) because they consolidate audiences across age groups more effectively than youth-skewed platforms; this aligns with Facebook’s broad national age distribution in Pew’s platform data (Pew).
• Video as a default format: With YouTube’s high national reach, how-to, agriculture/ranching content, news clips, and local sports highlights are typical high-utility video categories in rural areas; YouTube’s penetration is consistently the highest among major platforms (Pew).
• Messaging and lightweight posting: Where connectivity is variable, users often favor low-bandwidth behaviors (scrolling feeds, short comments, photo posts, and messaging) over sustained livestreaming or high-resolution uploads; broadband constraints are a documented rural issue in federal reporting (FCC broadband reporting).
• Age-linked engagement styles: Younger adults tend to show higher use of short-form video and creator-led discovery (TikTok/Instagram), while older adults more often use social platforms for family updates, local news, and community coordination, consistent with Pew’s age gradients by platform (Pew).
• Platform preference clustering: Small-population communities frequently concentrate activity on one or two platforms (most often Facebook plus SMS/Messenger-style communication) to maximize reach, which can amplify engagement within those channels even when overall posting volume is modest.

Keya Paha County family and associate-related public records include vital events and court filings. Birth and death records are registered at the state level through the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Vital Records; county offices commonly assist with local registration and certified-copy processes, but statewide issuance rules apply. Adoption files are created through the court system and are generally not public; access is restricted by statute and court order.

Public-facing databases for family/associate research primarily consist of court case indexes rather than vital records. Nebraska’s statewide court portal provides online access to many case registers and filings, with limitations for confidential case types and protected information. Recorded documents that may reflect family relationships (for example, deeds, affidavits, or estate-related instruments) are maintained by the county clerk/recording function and accessed through the courthouse record room.

In-person access is typically available at the Keya Paha County Courthouse via the elected offices that maintain records (clerk of the district court for court cases; county clerk/register of deeds for recorded instruments). Official county contact and office information is published on the county website: Keya Paha County, Nebraska (official website).

Privacy restrictions commonly apply to birth certificates, many death record details, adoption proceedings, juvenile matters, and sensitive personal identifiers. Online court access reflects redactions and confidentiality rules: Nebraska Justice Case Search (official). State vital record information is provided by DHHS: Nebraska DHHS Vital Records (official).

Types of records available

Marriage records

• Marriage licenses/applications: Issued prior to the ceremony and returned for recording after the ceremony.
• Marriage certificates/returns: The officiant’s completed return that documents the marriage and is recorded by the county.

Divorce records

• Divorce case files: Court case records maintained by the District Court, typically including the complaint/petition, summons/service, motions, and related filings.
• Divorce decrees (final orders): The court’s final judgment ending the marriage and setting terms such as property division, custody/parenting time, and support (when applicable).

Annulment records

• Annulment case files and orders: Court records from the District Court that declare a marriage void or voidable under Nebraska law, maintained similarly to divorce matters.

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Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

Marriage licenses and recorded marriage documents

• Filing office: The Keya Paha County Clerk maintains marriage license records and related recorded documents created in the county.
• Access methods (typical):
  • In-person or written requests through the County Clerk’s office.
  • Some Nebraska counties provide online indexes; availability varies by county and by record series.

Divorce and annulment records (court records)

• Filing office: The District Court serving Keya Paha County maintains divorce and annulment case records and final orders.
• Access methods (typical):
  • In-person review through the court clerk, subject to court rules and confidentiality restrictions.
  • Copies of decrees and other filings are obtained from the court, subject to fees and redaction requirements.

State-level vital records

• Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Vital Records maintains statewide vital-event certificates and indexes for certain events, including marriage and divorce, under Nebraska vital-records statutes and DHHS administrative rules. These are generally distinct from full court case files.

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Typical information included in these records

Marriage license/record

Common data elements include:

• Full names of the parties (including maiden name when recorded)
• Date and place (county) of license issuance
• Date and place of marriage ceremony (as reported on the return)
• Officiant’s name and title/authority
• Witness information (when recorded)
• Ages or dates of birth (varies by form and era)
• Residences/addresses at time of application (varies by era)
• Signatures and recording/filing details

Divorce decree (final judgment)

Common data elements include:

• Names of the parties and the case caption
• Court and county of filing, case number
• Date of decree and judge’s signature
• Findings/orders dissolving the marriage
• Terms addressing property division and debt allocation
• Child-related provisions (custody/legal decision-making, parenting time, child support) when applicable
• Spousal support/alimony terms when applicable
• Restoration of former name when ordered

Annulment order

Common data elements include:

• Names of the parties and case caption
• Court, case number, and date of order
• Legal basis for annulment (as reflected in findings or pleadings)
• Orders concerning status, name restoration, and child-related provisions when applicable

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Privacy or legal restrictions

• Vital records confidentiality: Nebraska places statutory restrictions on access to certain vital records and certified copies. Access commonly depends on eligibility (such as being a party, having a documented legal interest, or meeting state-defined criteria), and on whether a certified copy versus an informational copy is requested.
• Court record limitations: Divorce and annulment files are generally court records, but specific documents or data may be restricted by law or court order. Common limitations include:
  • Sealed records or sealed exhibits by judicial order
  • Protected personal identifiers (e.g., Social Security numbers) subject to redaction rules
  • Confidential information involving minors, abuse/neglect matters, or sensitive financial information, as governed by Nebraska court rules and statutes
• Identity verification and fees: County and state offices typically require identification for certified copies and charge copy/certification fees set by law or local schedule.
• Certified vs. uncertified copies: Certified copies are used for legal purposes and are more strictly controlled; uncertified copies or index information (where available) may have fewer access restrictions but remain subject to privacy rules.

Keya Paha County is a sparsely populated, predominantly rural county in north-central Nebraska along the South Dakota border. The county seat is Springview, and the area’s settlement pattern is characterized by small towns, ranching and agricultural land use, and long travel distances to regional service centers.

Education Indicators

Public school presence (number and names)

• Public school districts: 1 primary K–12 public system serves the county.
• School name (district-operated): Keya Paha County Schools (commonly referenced as the county’s consolidated public school system based in Springview).
  Source directories for confirmation and current listings: the Nebraska Department of Education District Directory (Nebraska district directory).

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

• Student–teacher ratio: A county-specific ratio is not consistently published as a single “county statistic” because staffing and enrollment are reported at the district/school level. In practice, very small rural districts in Nebraska often operate with low student–teacher ratios relative to statewide averages due to small enrollment (proxy statement; exact local ratio varies by year and staffing).
• Graduation rates: Nebraska reports graduation rates primarily at the district/school level. For the most recent official values, use the Nebraska “State of the Schools” and accountability reporting (district-level outcomes): NDE accountability and district results.
  Note: A single countywide graduation rate is often not published separately from district reporting for counties dominated by one small district.

Adult educational attainment

• High school diploma or higher; bachelor’s degree or higher: The most widely used source for county adult attainment is the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS). The most recent 5‑year ACS profile for Keya Paha County contains the county’s percentage distribution (high school graduate or higher; bachelor’s degree or higher) and is the standard reference for rural counties with small sample sizes.
  Reference table access: U.S. Census Bureau data portal (ACS Educational Attainment).
  Note: In very small-population counties, ACS margins of error can be large; the ACS 5‑year estimates remain the most current stable series.

Notable programs (STEM, vocational training, AP)

• Nebraska rural K–12 districts commonly participate in Career and Technical Education (CTE) pathways and regional activities (agriculture mechanics, skilled trades, business, family and consumer sciences), and some offer dual-credit/college-credit options through Nebraska community colleges or university partners. Program availability varies by year based on staffing and enrollment; official program offerings are typically documented in district handbooks and NDE CTE participation summaries.
  State program context: Nebraska Career Education (CTE).
  Note: Advanced Placement (AP) course availability is often limited in very small districts; dual credit is a common substitute mechanism in rural Nebraska.

School safety measures and counseling resources

• Nebraska public schools operate under state requirements and local policies covering emergency preparedness, visitor management, and mandated reporting, typically supported by coordinated plans with local law enforcement and emergency management.
• Counseling resources in small rural districts are commonly delivered via school counselors serving multiple grade bands and through regional behavioral health networks; staffing levels and service frequency are determined at the district level.
  Statewide student support framework reference: Nebraska student services and supports.
  Note: Specific onsite staffing (full-time vs. shared counselor, contracted mental health services) is not consistently published as a county statistic.

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Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent year available)

• The most consistently cited official local measure is the Bureau of Labor Statistics Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) annual average unemployment rate for Keya Paha County. The most recent annual value is available through BLS/LAUS county series.
  Official series access: BLS LAUS (county unemployment).
  Note: County-level annual unemployment in rural Nebraska typically trends below national averages, with variability influenced by small labor force size and seasonal patterns.

Major industries and employment sectors

• The county economy is dominated by agriculture and ranching (cattle and related agricultural services), with additional employment in:
  • Local government and education (school district and county services)
  • Health and social assistance (clinics, elder services, regional health systems)
  • Retail trade and basic services (small-town retail, repair, hospitality)
• Standard sector detail by county is published through ACS “industry by occupation” and related workforce tables.
  Reference: ACS county industry and occupation tables.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

• Typical occupational groups in rural Nebraska counties like Keya Paha include:
  • Management, business, and financial (small business owners, farm/ranch operators)
  • Service occupations (healthcare support, food service, protective services in small numbers)
  • Sales and office
  • Natural resources, construction, and maintenance (farm/ranch work, equipment operation, trades)
  • Production, transportation, and material moving (processing, trucking, local logistics)
• For the most recent county shares by occupation group, ACS remains the standard source (with larger margins of error in small counties).
  Reference: ACS occupation profile tables.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

• Keya Paha County residents commonly commute within the county for public-sector and local service jobs and out of county for specialized healthcare, larger retail/service employers, and construction/trades projects in nearby regional towns.
• The most current official figure for mean travel time to work is available through ACS commuting tables for the county.
  Reference: ACS commuting (travel time to work).
  Proxy note: In sparsely populated counties, commute times are frequently driven by long-distance travel to regional centers; however, the ACS mean is the authoritative measure for the county.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

• For rural counties with small job bases, a notable share of employed residents typically work outside the county, while local employment centers on schools, county government, agriculture, and basic services.
• The most defensible quantification uses ACS “county of work”/commuting flow outputs and Census commuting products where available.
  Reference entry point: ACS place-of-work and commuting flow tables.
  Note: Detailed origin–destination flow products can be suppressed or noisier in very small counties.

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Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

• Homeownership and rental proportions for Keya Paha County are reported in the ACS housing tenure tables (owner-occupied vs. renter-occupied).
  Reference: ACS housing tenure (owner vs. renter).
  Proxy note: Rural Nebraska counties generally show high homeownership rates and limited rental stock relative to metropolitan areas, reflecting single-family housing prevalence.

Median property values and recent trends

• Median value of owner-occupied housing units is available via ACS for the most recent 5‑year period.
  Reference: ACS median home value (county).
• Trend context (proxy): In many rural Great Plains counties, median values tend to increase more slowly than metro areas and can be influenced by small numbers of sales and the condition/age of the housing stock. The ACS series provides the most consistent year-to-year comparable statistic.

Typical rent prices

• Median gross rent is available via ACS.
  Reference: ACS median gross rent (county).
  Proxy note: Rental markets in very small counties are often thin, with rents reflecting a limited number of units and intermittent availability.

Types of housing

• The housing stock is typically dominated by:
  • Single-family detached homes in Springview and smaller communities
  • Farmhouses and rural residences on agricultural/ranch land
  • A limited number of apartments or multi-unit structures, often concentrated near the town center and community services
• Official breakdown by structure type (1-unit detached, 2–4 units, 5+ units, mobile homes) is available via ACS.
  Reference: ACS units in structure.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

• Settlement is clustered around Springview and smaller unincorporated areas, with residents often prioritizing proximity to the school, courthouse/county services, basic retail, and local community facilities. Rural residences typically trade proximity for acreage and agricultural access, resulting in longer trips to schools, groceries, and healthcare.

Property tax overview (average rate and typical homeowner cost)

• Nebraska property taxes are administered locally (county/municipal/school levies). For county-level measures, the most authoritative reference is the Nebraska Department of Revenue property tax statistics and county reports.
  Reference: Nebraska Department of Revenue property tax reports.
• Typical homeowner cost depends on assessed value and local levy rates, with school district levies commonly representing a large share of the total tax bill in Nebraska.
  Note: A single “average effective property tax rate” can vary by year and valuation class; the Department of Revenue publications provide the current county-specific rates and levy components.