Union County

Union County is located in southern Arkansas along the Louisiana border, part of the state’s Gulf Coastal Plain region. Established in 1842, the county developed around timber and agriculture and later became a center of Arkansas’s early 20th-century oil activity, which influenced settlement patterns and local industry. Union County is mid-sized in population (about 40,000 residents) and is anchored by the city of El Dorado, the county seat and principal population center. Outside El Dorado, much of the county is rural, with extensive forests, low rolling terrain, and numerous creeks and small waterways. The local economy has historically included petroleum and related industries, forestry and wood products, manufacturing, and regional services, with cultural life shaped by southern Arkansas traditions and the civic role of El Dorado as a regional hub.

Union County is located in southern Arkansas along the Louisiana border, with El Dorado as its largest city and county seat. The county is part of the South Arkansas region and lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Union County, Arkansas, Union County had a population of 37,765 (2020 Census).

Age & Gender

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Union County, Arkansas (most recent published profile values on that page):

• Age distribution (share of total population)
  • Under 5 years: 5.4%
  • Under 18 years: 22.2%
  • Age 65+ years: 18.9%
• Gender ratio
  • Female persons: 52.3%
  • Male persons: 47.7% (calculated as remainder)

Racial & Ethnic Composition

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Union County, Arkansas:

• White alone: 54.4%
• Black or African American alone: 39.4%
• American Indian and Alaska Native alone: 0.5%
• Asian alone: 0.7%
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone: 0.1%
• Two or more races: 4.9%
• Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 2.8%

Household & Housing Data

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Union County, Arkansas:

• Households (2019–2023): 15,711
• Persons per household (2019–2023): 2.28
• Owner-occupied housing unit rate (2019–2023): 63.8%
• Median value of owner-occupied housing units (2019–2023, in 2023 dollars): $128,100
• Median selected monthly owner costs—mortgage holders (2019–2023): $1,116
• Median selected monthly owner costs—without a mortgage (2019–2023): $379
• Median gross rent (2019–2023): $833

For local government and planning resources, visit the Union County, Arkansas official website.

Union County, Arkansas is anchored by El Dorado but includes large rural areas where lower population density and longer last‑mile distances can constrain broadband buildout, shaping how residents access email and other online services. Direct county-level email usage statistics are not routinely published; email adoption is summarized using proxies such as household broadband subscriptions, computer access, and age structure.

Digital access indicators are available from the U.S. Census Bureau’s data tools (ACS), which report county estimates for broadband subscription and computer availability. These measures track the practical ability to use webmail and app-based email, especially for tasks requiring reliable connections and larger screens.

Age distribution matters because older populations generally show lower rates of regular internet and email use than working-age adults; Union County’s age profile can be referenced via ACS age tables. Gender distribution is typically less predictive of email use than age and connectivity, but it is also available in ACS demographic profiles.

Connectivity limitations are reflected in broadband availability and provider footprints reported in the FCC National Broadband Map, including gaps common in rural census blocks.

Union County is in southern Arkansas along the Louisiana border, with its county seat in El Dorado. The county includes a small urban core (El Dorado) surrounded by rural communities, forested land, and oil-and-gas infrastructure. This mixed geography and relatively low population density outside the city can affect mobile connectivity through larger cell-site spacing, greater reliance on highway/road corridors for coverage, and reduced in-building signal strength in more remote areas. Basic county context and population characteristics are available from Census.gov (data.census.gov).

Key definitions used in this overview

• Network availability (supply): Where mobile providers report 4G LTE or 5G service as available.
• Household adoption/usage (demand): Whether residents subscribe to and use mobile service, including “cellular data only” households and smartphone ownership.

County-level, mobile-specific adoption statistics are limited; most standardized adoption indicators are published at the state or national level, while coverage availability is mapped at fine geographic scales but reflects provider-reported availability rather than measured performance.

Mobile penetration / access indicators (adoption)

County-specific adoption data

• Standard public datasets do not consistently publish Union County–specific smartphone ownership rates or mobile subscription rates in a single, authoritative county table. Most county digital access measures center on broadband availability/adoption rather than mobile subscriptions.
• The most commonly used local adoption indicator that overlaps with mobile access is the share of households that rely on a cellular data plan only (no wired broadband subscription). This metric is typically available through U.S. Census Bureau surveys (American Community Survey) but is not always presented as a pre-built county summary without custom table work. County tables and microdata-derived estimates can be accessed via Census.gov.

State-level adoption context (useful for interpreting county patterns, not a substitute for county estimates)

• Arkansas statewide indicators for internet subscriptions and device access are available through Census Bureau products on Census.gov. These can inform likely rural–urban differences but do not replace Union County–specific estimates.

Clear limitation

• A definitive, county-only “mobile penetration rate” (e.g., SIM subscriptions per 100 people) is not published by the U.S. Census Bureau. Carrier subscription totals are generally proprietary or aggregated at higher levels. As a result, county mobile penetration is usually inferred indirectly from survey indicators (smartphone ownership, cellular-only households, and internet subscription types) rather than measured directly.

Mobile internet usage patterns and connectivity (4G/5G availability)

Availability (coverage) sources

• The primary federal source for U.S. mobile coverage availability is the FCC’s Broadband Data Collection (BDC). It includes provider-reported maps for 4G LTE and 5G, down to small geographic areas, and is accessible via the FCC National Broadband Map.
• Arkansas planning and broadband context is also referenced by state entities; statewide broadband coordination and mapping resources are typically linked through the State of Arkansas portal and associated broadband program pages (availability varies by program year).

4G LTE

• 4G LTE is generally the baseline mobile broadband technology reported across most populated corridors in Arkansas, including county seats and major roadways. County-specific LTE footprints can be viewed by selecting Union County geography on the FCC National Broadband Map.
• Important distinction: reported LTE availability indicates a provider claims service at a location, not that service is reliably usable indoors, at speed, or without congestion.

5G

• 5G availability in rural counties tends to be uneven, often strongest in or near city centers and along key transportation routes. Union County’s reported 5G coverage varies by provider and technology type (e.g., low-band 5G with broader coverage vs. higher-frequency deployments with smaller coverage footprints). Provider-reported 5G layers are viewable via the FCC National Broadband Map.
• Important distinction: the FCC map represents availability claims and does not, by itself, measure typical user experience (latency, indoor coverage, peak-hour performance).

Performance measurement vs. availability

• County-level, independently measured mobile performance is not standardized in federal statistical releases. Some performance insights can be derived from crowd-sourced or third-party testing platforms, but those are not official adoption or availability indicators and are not consistently comparable across rural areas.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

General pattern

• In U.S. counties, the dominant personal mobile device category is the smartphone, with smaller shares using feature phones, tablets with cellular plans, hotspots, and fixed wireless customer-premises equipment (which is distinct from mobile handheld use).
• County-specific device-type distributions (smartphone vs. feature phone vs. tablet/hotspot) are not typically published at the county level in federal datasets.

Proxy indicators available from Census surveys

• The Census Bureau captures household technology context through measures such as computer ownership and types of internet subscription (including cellular data plans). These can be used to characterize the extent to which households rely on mobile devices and cellular plans for internet access. Data access is through Census.gov.
• Clear limitation: these indicators describe household-level access and subscription types, not a direct inventory of device models or network capabilities (4G-only vs 5G-capable handsets).

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage in Union County

Rural geography and settlement pattern

• Outside El Dorado, lower population density and greater distances between homes can reduce the economic incentive for dense cell-site deployment, affecting coverage continuity and indoor signal levels. This influences availability more than adoption, though limited wired options can also raise reliance on mobile-only internet subscriptions.

Urban node (El Dorado)

• The county’s urban center generally supports denser network infrastructure, which tends to improve both 4G/5G availability and service consistency compared with outlying rural areas. Municipal and county context is available through local government resources such as the Union County, Arkansas official website and city resources for El Dorado.

Socioeconomic factors (measured through standard federal datasets)

• Income, age distribution, disability status, and educational attainment are correlated with differences in smartphone ownership and internet subscription types in national research, and these characteristics can be examined for Union County via county demographic profiles on Census.gov.
• Clear limitation: while these demographic variables are available at the county level, mobile-specific adoption (smartphone ownership, mobile-only reliance) may require careful selection of Census tables and does not always appear in a single “mobile adoption” summary line for the county.

Clear separation: network availability vs. household adoption

• Availability in Union County: Best documented through provider-reported 4G LTE and 5G coverage layers on the FCC National Broadband Map, which can be viewed at county, census-tract, or address level.
• Adoption in Union County: Best approximated through household survey indicators from the U.S. Census Bureau on Census.gov, especially measures related to internet subscriptions that include cellular data plan categories and households without wired broadband subscriptions.

Data limitations specific to Union County

• No single authoritative public dataset provides a complete county-level package of: (1) mobile subscription penetration, (2) smartphone vs feature phone shares, and (3) measured mobile performance.
• FCC BDC data is the authoritative federal source for availability, but it is provider-reported and does not represent guaranteed service quality.
• Census data provides the strongest standardized source for household adoption and access, but mobile-specific indicators are indirect (subscription type and household technology context) and may require table selection and interpretation rather than appearing as a single county headline metric.

Union County is in southern Arkansas along the Louisiana border, with El Dorado as its largest city and regional hub. The county’s economy has long been shaped by energy (notably oil and petrochemicals), manufacturing, and regional commuting patterns, alongside a mix of urban El Dorado neighborhoods and rural communities that influence connectivity, media habits, and reliance on mobile-first internet access.

User statistics (penetration / active use)

• County-specific social media penetration figures are not published in standard federal datasets. The most defensible estimate for Union County is derived from national survey benchmarks and local demographics.
• U.S. baseline: About 69% of U.S. adults report using at least one social media site, according to Pew Research Center’s Social Media Fact Sheet. This provides the primary reference point used by public agencies and researchers for local-context approximations.
• Local context note (connectivity): Social media activity in rural counties is commonly shaped by smartphone dependence and broadband availability. Pew’s research on connectivity and digital divides provides context for rural usage patterns: Pew Research Center (Internet & Technology).

Age group trends (who uses social media most)

Based on Pew’s adult social media survey patterns (Pew: Social media use by age), age trends that typically apply to counties with a similar urban–rural mix include:

• Highest use: Adults ages 18–29 (consistently the highest social media adoption across platforms).
• High use: Ages 30–49, often nearing overall-average adoption but with more use concentrated in a smaller set of platforms (commonly Facebook, YouTube, Instagram).
• Moderate use: Ages 50–64, with heavier concentration on Facebook and YouTube than on newer short-form video platforms.
• Lowest use: 65+, though Facebook and YouTube remain widely used relative to other platforms for this group.

Gender breakdown

County-level gender splits are not typically published for social media; national patterns from Pew are the most-cited benchmark (Pew: platform use by gender):

• Women tend to report higher usage on visually and socially oriented platforms (notably Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest).
• Men tend to report higher usage on some discussion- and video-centric platforms (commonly Reddit, YouTube in many survey waves).
• Facebook and YouTube show relatively broad reach across genders compared with more niche platforms.

Most-used platforms (percentages where available)

The most reliable, widely cited platform usage percentages come from Pew’s national adult estimates (Pew platform-by-platform usage). These national shares are commonly used as a proxy for local ranking of platforms:

• YouTube: ~83% of U.S. adults
• Facebook: ~68%
• Instagram: ~47%
• Pinterest: ~35%
• TikTok: ~33%
• LinkedIn: ~30%
• X (formerly Twitter): ~22%
• Snapchat: ~27%
• WhatsApp: ~29%
• Reddit: ~22%

Local ranking expectation for Union County: Given the county’s urban–rural composition and the typical strength of all-ages platforms, Facebook and YouTube are the most likely top platforms by reach, followed by Instagram and TikTok (skewing younger) and Pinterest (often stronger among women).

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns / preferences)

Patterns below reflect recurring findings in major U.S. research and are typically observed in smaller metros and mixed rural counties:

• Facebook as a community utility: Heavier use for local news sharing, community groups, event promotion, school/sports updates, and local buy/sell activity—behaviors especially common in smaller cities and rural areas.
• YouTube as cross-generational viewing: Broad use across age groups for how-to content, music, entertainment, and news clips; YouTube often functions as the dominant video platform in areas with varied age profiles.
• Short-form video skews younger: TikTok and Instagram Reels engagement tends to concentrate among younger adults, with higher daily-check frequency and trend-driven content consumption.
• Messaging and “private social” growth: National research shows continued importance of private or semi-private sharing (DMs, group chats, private groups) alongside public posting; Pew’s internet research provides ongoing documentation of these shifts (Pew Internet & Technology research).
• Mobile-first usage: In counties with rural coverage gaps or uneven fixed broadband, social media use often leans more heavily on smartphones, affecting the types of content consumed (shorter video, compressed images) and the timing of engagement (brief sessions throughout the day).

Union County family and associate-related public records include vital records, court filings, and property documents. Birth and death certificates for events occurring in Union County are created at the time of registration but are maintained and issued at the state level by the Arkansas Department of Health’s Vital Records office (Order Arkansas vital records). Marriage records are typically recorded with the Union County Clerk and may be searchable through county recording systems or requested in person (Union County, Arkansas (official site)). Divorce, guardianship, probate (estates), and some adoption-related filings are handled through the Union County Circuit Clerk’s office; adoption records are generally sealed and not available as public case files (Arkansas Circuit Courts).

Public databases commonly available include real estate and lien records and some court docket access; availability and search features vary by office and vendor platform. In-person access is provided at the relevant county office during business hours, typically via public terminals or staff copies. Online access, where offered, is usually limited to indexed information rather than certified documents.

Privacy restrictions apply to vital records (with eligibility rules for issuance) and to sealed court matters (notably adoptions and certain juvenile cases). Certified copies generally require formal identity and fee procedures through the custodian agency.

Types of records available

• Marriage records (licenses and certificates)

  • Marriage license: Issued by the Union County Clerk prior to the ceremony.
  • Marriage return/certificate: Completed after the ceremony (typically by the officiant) and returned for filing with the Union County Clerk, creating the county’s recorded marriage record.

• Divorce records (decrees and case files)

  • Divorce decree (final judgment): Issued by the Union County Circuit Court at the conclusion of a divorce case.
  • Divorce case file: May include pleadings (complaint, answer), orders, property/child-related orders, and the final decree, maintained by the Union County Circuit Clerk as part of the court record.

• Annulment records

  • Annulment decree/order: Annulments are handled as court matters and are recorded in Circuit Court records, maintained by the Union County Circuit Clerk.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

• Union County Clerk (marriage licenses and recorded marriages)

  • Maintains county-level marriage records created from the issued license and filed return.
  • Access commonly occurs through in-person requests or other request methods offered by the clerk’s office (such as mail or electronic request procedures, when available).

• Union County Circuit Clerk / Circuit Court (divorces and annulments)

  • Maintains court case records for divorces and annulments, including decrees and related filings.
  • Access typically occurs through the circuit clerk as the custodian of court records; copies are obtained by requesting the relevant case record.

• Arkansas Department of Health (state-level vital records)

  • The Arkansas Department of Health, Division of Vital Records maintains statewide marriage and divorce record data for many years and provides certified copies within the scope permitted by law.
  • Reference: Arkansas Department of Health – Order Vital Records

Typical information included in these records

• Marriage license / recorded marriage

  • Full names of the parties
  • Date and place of marriage (as reported on the return/certificate)
  • Date of license issuance
  • Officiant identification and certification/return information
  • Witness information may appear depending on the form used at the time of recording
  • Recording details (book/page or instrument number) used by the county for indexing

• Divorce decree (final judgment)

  • Names of the parties and case caption
  • Court, county, and case number
  • Date of decree and judge’s signature
  • Disposition terms, which may address property division, allocation of debts, child custody/visitation, child support, spousal support, and restoration of a prior name (when included)

• Annulment order/decree

  • Names of the parties and case caption
  • Court, county, and case number
  • Date and judge’s signature
  • Legal determination that the marriage is annulled and related orders (which may address property, support, or child-related issues where applicable)

Privacy or legal restrictions

• Marriage records

  • County-recorded marriage documents are generally treated as public records, subject to redaction or withholding of specific sensitive identifiers under applicable law and record practices.
  • Certified copies may require compliance with the issuing office’s identification and certification rules.

• Divorce and annulment court records

  • Court records are generally public, but sealed records or protected information may be restricted by court order or by laws and court rules governing confidential information.
  • Records involving minors, sensitive personal information, or sealed filings may be partially withheld or redacted in copies provided to the public.

• State-issued vital records

  • The Arkansas Department of Health applies statutory and administrative rules governing eligibility for certified copies and restrictions on release, even where basic fact information may be available through indexes or abstracts.

Union County is in south Arkansas along the Louisiana border, anchored by the cities of El Dorado (county seat) and Smackover. The county’s population is roughly in the low‑40,000s (recent estimates) and is shaped by a mix of legacy oil-and-gas activity, a large chemical/manufacturing presence, and a regional healthcare and retail service base centered in El Dorado.

Education Indicators

Public schools (districts and school names)

Union County’s public K–12 education is primarily provided through the following districts (school configurations change periodically; the listings reflect commonly reported campuses and district structures rather than a guaranteed real-time roster):

• El Dorado School District (El Dorado)
  Commonly referenced campuses include: El Dorado High School, Barton Junior High, and multiple elementary schools serving the city.
• Smackover-Norphlet School District (Smackover / Norphlet area)
  Commonly referenced campuses include: Smackover High School and associated middle/elementary grades.
• Junction City School District (serving the Junction City area at the south edge of the county; includes cross-county service in some contexts)
  Commonly referenced campuses include: Junction City High School and associated grade campuses.

For authoritative, current campus lists and contacts, use the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) district and school directory (search by county/district): ADE Data Center.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

• Student–teacher ratios: Union County districts generally align with typical Arkansas public-school class-size conditions; district-level ratios vary by campus and grade span. The most defensible source for current ratios and staffing is district-level reporting in the ADE Data Center.
• Graduation rates: Arkansas reports 4‑year cohort graduation rates at the school and district level. Union County graduation outcomes vary meaningfully by district and year; the most recent verified rates are published in ADE accountability/report card outputs via the ADE Data Center (district/school report cards).

Note: A single countywide student–teacher ratio or graduation rate is not consistently published as a consolidated county statistic; district-by-district reporting is the standard.

Adult education levels (countywide)

Countywide adult educational attainment is best represented by U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) measures:

• High school diploma or higher (age 25+): Union County is below U.S. averages and tends to track closer to the Arkansas statewide distribution.
• Bachelor’s degree or higher (age 25+): Union County is also typically below U.S. averages, reflecting its industrial and trade-oriented labor market.

The most recent county estimates are available through the Census Bureau’s data.census.gov (ACS “Educational Attainment” tables for Union County, AR).

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, Advanced Placement)

• Career and Technical Education (CTE): Union County schools participate in Arkansas CTE pathways (industry credentials, work-based learning, and skilled trades). Program offerings vary by district and are reported through district course catalogs and ADE CTE reporting.
• Advanced Placement (AP) and concurrent credit: High schools commonly offer AP coursework and/or college credit options (often coordinated through regional community colleges/universities).
• Workforce-linked training: The county’s industrial base (chemicals/manufacturing) supports demand for process technology, industrial maintenance, instrumentation/electrical, welding, and allied technical skills, which commonly influences CTE offerings.

For formal program accountability and public reporting where available, use district report cards and ADE CTE resources via the ADE Data Center.

School safety measures and counseling resources

• Safety: Arkansas public schools operate under state requirements related to emergency preparedness, visitor controls, threat reporting, and coordination with local law enforcement; specific measures (secured entry, SRO presence, drills, cameras) differ by campus and district policy.
• Student supports: Districts typically provide school counseling services aligned to state standards; many also coordinate with regional behavioral health providers for referrals and crisis response.

The most concrete, district-specific safety and student-support information is published through district policy manuals/handbooks and board-adopted plans (not consistently aggregated at the county level).

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent year available)

Union County’s most recent unemployment figures are published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) as monthly rates and annual averages. The county’s unemployment rate has generally tracked close to Arkansas trends with periodic volatility tied to industrial cycles. The authoritative series is the BLS LAUS county data: Local Area Unemployment Statistics (BLS).

Major industries and employment sectors

Union County’s economy is characterized by:

• Manufacturing and chemicals (notably the El Dorado area’s chemical/manufacturing complex)
• Oil and gas legacy activity and related services
• Healthcare and social assistance (regional provider concentration in El Dorado)
• Retail trade and accommodation/food services
• Public administration and education (school districts and local government)

Sector detail by county is available from the Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns / Economic data and from workforce dashboards maintained by Arkansas agencies.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

Occupational patterns typically show a higher-than-average share in:

• Production and maintenance occupations (manufacturing/industrial operations)
• Transportation and material moving
• Office/administrative support and sales
• Healthcare support and practitioner roles (regional service hub)
• Construction and extraction-related trades (reflecting industrial infrastructure)

County occupational distributions are available through ACS occupation tables on data.census.gov.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

• Primary commute mode: Predominantly driving alone, consistent with rural/small-metro South Arkansas patterns.
• Mean commute time: Union County commute times typically fall in the range common to small metros and micropolitan areas (often around the low-to-mid 20 minutes in recent ACS profiles; exact current estimates are provided in ACS commuting tables).

The most recent validated commute measures (mean travel time to work, mode share) are available through ACS commuting tables on data.census.gov.

Local employment versus out-of-county work

Union County includes a major employment center in El Dorado, supporting a meaningful share of residents working within the county, alongside commuting flows to nearby counties and across the Louisiana line in smaller numbers. The best public datasets for resident-versus-workplace flows are:

• LEHD OnTheMap (U.S. Census) for job inflow/outflow and commute sheds
• ACS “County-to-county commuting flows” tables on data.census.gov

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

Union County’s housing tenure pattern is typical of many South Arkansas counties:

• Homeownership forms a majority of occupied units, with a substantial renter segment concentrated in El Dorado and other town centers.
  The most recent official homeownership and renter shares are provided in ACS “Housing Tenure” tables on data.census.gov.

Median property values and recent trends

• Median home value: Union County’s median owner-occupied home value is generally below U.S. and often below many metro-area medians, reflecting lower land costs and an older housing stock.
• Trends: Recent years have followed broader Arkansas/U.S. patterns of price appreciation after 2020, with local variation by neighborhood, home condition, and proximity to major employers and amenities in El Dorado.

For county medians and year-over-year ACS-based estimates, use ACS home value tables on data.census.gov. For transaction-based market trend context (not an official statistic), local REALTOR/MLS reports are commonly referenced but are not standardized public datasets.

Typical rent prices

• Median gross rent: Union County rents are typically below national medians, with higher rents clustering near El Dorado employment nodes and newer multifamily stock.
  Official county rent medians and distributions are available from ACS “Gross Rent” tables at data.census.gov.

Types of housing (built form and lots)

• Single-family detached homes dominate the countywide stock, especially outside the El Dorado core.
• Apartments and small multifamily units are more common within El Dorado and along major corridors.
• Rural lots and manufactured housing are present in unincorporated areas and smaller towns, consistent with regional patterns.

These characteristics are reflected in ACS “Units in Structure” and “Year Structure Built” tables on data.census.gov.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

• El Dorado: The densest concentration of schools, healthcare facilities, shopping, and municipal services; neighborhoods closer to major arterials and employment centers generally have shorter commutes and more rental options.
• Smackover/Norphlet and smaller communities: More low-density residential patterns, with greater reliance on driving and a higher share of owner-occupied single-family homes and rural parcels.

Property tax overview (rate and typical homeowner cost)

Arkansas property taxes are administered locally and expressed in mills (tax per $1,000 of assessed value), with assessment ratios determined by property type under state rules. Union County’s effective property tax burden is generally moderate by national standards, but the actual bill depends on:

• local millage rates (county, city, school district)
• assessed value and applicable credits/limits

For official local millage and assessment administration, see the Union County Assessor/Collector information via the county’s public pages: Union County, Arkansas official website. For statewide property tax structure, see the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration (property tax administration overview).