Stone County

Stone County is a rural county in north-central Arkansas, situated in the Ozark Mountains along the White River and bordered by several hill-country counties in the state’s interior. Created in 1873 from portions of Izard, Searcy, Independence, and Van Buren counties, it developed as a sparsely settled upland region shaped by timber, small-scale farming, and river-based travel. Stone County is small in population, with roughly 12,000 residents, and remains characterized by low-density communities and extensive forested terrain, bluffs, caves, and clear streams. The county’s economy is oriented toward local services, agriculture, and outdoor-recreation-related activity, reflecting its mountainous landscape and proximity to rivers and public lands. Cultural life is associated with Ozark regional traditions, including folk music and community-based events typical of rural northern Arkansas. The county seat is Mountain View, the county’s largest town and primary administrative center.

Stone County is a rural county in north-central Arkansas, located in the Ozark Mountains region along the White River corridor. The county seat is Mountain View, and county government information is available via the Stone County, Arkansas official website.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts page for Stone County, Arkansas, the county’s most recently published population figures (including decennial Census counts and Census Bureau estimates) are reported there. QuickFacts is the Census Bureau’s standard county-level summary source for population size and related key indicators.

Age & Gender

Age distribution and sex composition for Stone County are published by the U.S. Census Bureau through its county profile tables. The Stone County QuickFacts (U.S. Census Bureau) page reports age structure (including median age and broad age groups) and the sex breakdown (male/female percentages) drawn from American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates.

Racial & Ethnic Composition

Race and ethnicity statistics (including categories such as White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Two or More Races, and Hispanic or Latino of any race) are available on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Stone County QuickFacts profile, based on county-level Census/ACS tabulations.

Household & Housing Data

Household and housing characteristics for Stone County—including number of households, average household size, owner-occupied vs. renter-occupied housing, housing unit counts, and selected housing value/rent indicators—are reported on the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts profile for Stone County. These indicators are compiled primarily from ACS 5-year estimates for counties.

Primary Official Data Source

County-level demographic profiles are most consistently maintained by the U.S. Census Bureau via:

• QuickFacts: Stone County, Arkansas (population, age, sex, race/ethnicity, households, housing, and related socioeconomic measures)
• data.census.gov (underlying detailed tables, including ACS 5-year profiles and decennial Census tabulations)

Stone County, Arkansas is a mountainous, largely rural county in the Ozarks where low population density and rugged terrain can increase the cost of last‑mile networks, shaping how residents access digital communication.

Direct county-level email usage statistics are not routinely published; email access is commonly inferred from household internet and device access reported in federal surveys. The most comparable proxies are American Community Survey (ACS) measures such as household broadband subscription and computer ownership, available via the U.S. Census Bureau data portal.

Age structure influences email adoption because older populations typically have lower rates of home broadband and computer use than working-age adults; Stone County’s age distribution can be reviewed in ACS profile tables through the American Community Survey. Gender distribution is not a primary driver of email access in most U.S. datasets and is more relevant when intersected with age, income, and education; county sex-by-age tables are also available through ACS.

Connectivity limitations are reflected in broadband availability and technology types. Infrastructure conditions and broadband deployment context can be referenced through the FCC National Broadband Map and local information from Stone County government.

Stone County is a rural county in north-central Arkansas in the Ozark Mountains. Its rugged terrain (hills, valleys, forest cover) and low population density can increase the cost and complexity of building dense cellular and fiber networks, which tends to produce more coverage variability (especially indoors and in hollows) than in flatter, urban counties. Population and housing context for the county is available through Census Bureau QuickFacts for Stone County, Arkansas.

Key distinction: network availability vs. adoption

• Network availability (supply): Whether mobile broadband coverage is reported as present in an area (by generation such as 4G LTE or 5G, and by provider). Primary federal source: the FCC’s Broadband Data Collection (BDC) availability maps and datasets (provider-reported, location-based).
• Adoption (demand): Whether households or individuals actually subscribe to and use mobile service (smartphone ownership, mobile broadband subscriptions, or “cellular data only” home internet reliance). Household adoption is most consistently measured via Census surveys at state and national scales; county-level statistics are often limited, suppressed, or not produced for specific mobile indicators.

Mobile penetration or access indicators (where available)

County-level limitations

• The most commonly cited U.S. measures of smartphone ownership and mobile service use (e.g., “smartphone ownership,” “uses smartphone to access the internet”) are typically published at national and state levels via federal surveys, not consistently at the county level.
• The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) publishes county estimates for some internet subscription categories, but mobile-only measures are not always separable at the county level in a stable way year to year (due to sampling variability and table design).

Practical indicators that can be used for Stone County

• Overall internet subscription context (household adoption proxy): County estimates for household computer and internet subscription are available via the ACS (not strictly “mobile,” but helpful in distinguishing adoption from availability). The ACS tables can be accessed through data.census.gov (search “Stone County, Arkansas internet subscription” and ACS table topics).
• Broadband availability context (including mobile): The FCC provides location-based availability for mobile broadband, which is an availability metric rather than adoption. See FCC National Broadband Map for interactive coverage and provider data.

Mobile internet usage patterns (4G and 5G availability)

4G LTE availability (network availability)

• In rural Arkansas counties, 4G LTE typically represents the baseline mobile broadband layer and is generally more geographically extensive than 5G because it relies on lower- and mid-band spectrum and more mature tower grids.
• Stone County’s LTE availability can be reviewed through the FCC National Broadband Map by selecting “Mobile Broadband” and viewing coverage by provider and technology.

5G availability (network availability)

• 5G availability in rural, mountainous terrain is often concentrated along population centers and major road corridors. Coverage quality can vary materially between:
  • Low-band 5G: broader geographic reach but modest speed improvements over LTE.
  • Mid-band 5G: higher capacity and speeds where deployed, with shorter range than low-band.
  • High-band/mmWave 5G: typically limited to dense urban zones and is unlikely to be widespread in rural counties.
• For Stone County, the authoritative public source for provider-reported 5G availability is the FCC National Broadband Map. The map’s technology layers and provider filters can be used to distinguish LTE vs 5G, but it does not measure real-world speeds at each location.

Actual mobile internet usage (adoption and behavior)

• County-level usage patterns such as “share of residents using mobile data daily” or “percentage relying on smartphones for home internet” are generally not published as official county statistics.
• State and national benchmarks on smartphone ownership and mobile internet reliance are available from federal survey sources such as the NTIA Internet Use Survey (Digital Nation Data Explorer) and related Census products. These describe broader patterns but do not substitute for Stone County-specific adoption rates.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

County-level device-type data constraints

• Official county-level breakdowns of smartphone vs. basic phone ownership are not commonly available from federal statistical releases.
• The ACS provides county estimates for computer type in some tables (desktop/laptop/tablet), but this is not a direct measure of mobile phone device type. These estimates can be found via data.census.gov in ACS “Computer and Internet Use” topics.

What can be stated definitively

• At the U.S. level, smartphones constitute the dominant mobile device for internet access; however, Stone County-specific shares (smartphone vs. non-smartphone) are not reliably available as official public county statistics. The most defensible county-relevant approach is to pair:
  • FCC-reported mobile broadband availability (supply), and
  • ACS-reported internet subscription and device context (demand proxy), while noting that neither directly enumerates smartphone ownership at county scale.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage in Stone County

Terrain and settlement patterns (geographic)

• The Ozark topography in Stone County can lead to:
  • Signal shadowing in valleys and behind ridgelines.
  • Greater reliance on towers placed on ridges or elevated sites, which can improve line-of-sight coverage but still produce uneven indoor reception.
• Dispersed housing patterns in rural areas generally reduce the business case for dense tower placement, affecting both coverage consistency and capacity (especially during peak times in limited-spectrum rural cells).

Population density and economic factors (demographic/structural)

• Lower density and smaller towns typically correlate with:
  • Fewer overlapping carrier networks in some locations (availability differences by provider).
  • Greater variation in backhaul quality to cell sites, which can affect delivered speeds even when coverage exists.
• Household income, age distribution, and educational attainment can influence adoption of internet subscriptions and device ownership. County demographic profiles are available through Census.gov QuickFacts, but QuickFacts does not isolate smartphone ownership for the county.

Data sources and how they apply to Stone County

• FCC (availability, not adoption): Provider-reported mobile broadband coverage by technology and provider via the FCC National Broadband Map. This is the primary public source to describe 4G/5G availability patterns geographically.
• U.S. Census Bureau / ACS (adoption proxies): County estimates for internet subscriptions and related household indicators via data.census.gov. These help describe household adoption context but do not consistently provide a clean county statistic for “mobile-only” or smartphone ownership.
• Arkansas statewide broadband planning context: The state broadband office provides planning and program context relevant to rural connectivity challenges. See the Arkansas State Broadband Office for statewide initiatives and mapping resources (state materials often summarize conditions but do not replace FCC availability or ACS adoption measures at county scale).

Summary (availability vs. adoption in Stone County)

• Availability: FCC map data is the definitive public source for where 4G LTE and 5G are reported as available in Stone County and which providers report coverage. Terrain and low density commonly produce localized gaps and variability.
• Adoption: Stone County-specific mobile adoption measures (smartphone ownership share, mobile-only reliance) are not consistently available as official county statistics. The most reliable county-level adoption context comes from ACS household internet subscription tables, which describe subscription presence but do not fully attribute usage to mobile phones.

Stone County is a rural county in north-central Arkansas in the Ozark Mountains, with Mountain View as the county seat and a well-known regional hub for traditional folk music and tourism. Its older age profile, dispersed settlement pattern, and reliance on local services, tourism, and small businesses tend to align social media use with community information-sharing, local event promotion, and mobile-first access rather than dense, metro-style influencer economies.

User statistics (penetration / active use)

• County-specific social media penetration rates are not published in major, regularly updated public datasets (most national surveys report at the U.S. level, not by county). As a benchmark for local planning, Stone County usage is typically inferred from national and state-level patterns plus the county’s age structure.
• U.S. adult baseline: About 69% of U.S. adults report using at least one social media site, according to the Pew Research Center social media fact sheet. This provides the most commonly cited, methodologically consistent baseline for “penetration” among adults.
• Local implication: Rural counties with older populations often show lower overall penetration than the national average, driven primarily by age differences (older adults use social media at lower rates than younger adults in Pew’s surveys).

Age group trends (who uses social media most)

Pew’s national results consistently show strong age gradients in social media use, which is relevant to Stone County’s older age profile:

• Highest use: Ages 18–29 (highest overall adoption across major platforms).
• High but declining with age: Ages 30–49.
• Moderate: Ages 50–64.
• Lowest: Ages 65+, though this group still has substantial Facebook use relative to other platforms. Source: Pew Research Center (platform-by-age tables).

Gender breakdown

• Overall: Nationally, women are modestly more likely than men to report using social media in many surveys, with platform-specific gaps more pronounced than “any social media” gaps.
• Platform pattern (national): Women tend to skew higher on Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest, while men often skew higher on Reddit and some “interest/community” platforms; YouTube is typically closer to parity. Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet (gender-by-platform tables).

Most-used platforms (benchmarks with percentages)

County-level platform shares are not regularly published; the most reliable percentages come from national survey benchmarks:

• YouTube: 83% of U.S. adults
• Facebook: 68%
• Instagram: 47%
• Pinterest: 35%
• TikTok: 33%
• LinkedIn: 30%
• WhatsApp: 29%
• Snapchat: 27%
• X (formerly Twitter): 22%
• Reddit: 22% Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet (latest reported values).

Local interpretation for Stone County: In rural counties, Facebook and YouTube typically dominate due to broad age coverage and utility for local information, groups, and video entertainment; TikTok/Snapchat skew younger and are more concentrated among teens/young adults.

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns / preferences)

• Community-information use (Facebook): Rural areas commonly rely on Facebook pages and groups for local announcements, school/sports updates, weather and road conditions, events, and marketplace-style exchanges. National research supports Facebook’s continued strength among older adults relative to other platforms (Pew Research Center).
• Video-first consumption (YouTube): YouTube’s broad reach makes it a primary channel for how-to content, music, local/regional interest videos, and news clips, aligning with Ozarks tourism and cultural programming.
• Age-driven platform split:
  • 18–29: heavier use of Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat (short-form video and messaging).
  • 50+ and 65+: heavier reliance on Facebook (feeds, groups, community updates).
    Source: Pew Research Center age-by-platform estimates.
• Mobile-centric engagement: Lower-density regions generally show more mobile-first access and more use of social platforms as a substitute for in-person bulletin boards and local newspapers, with engagement clustering around events, commerce (buy/sell), and local public-safety information rather than constant creator-follower interaction.

Notes on data limits: The percentages above are the most cited, methodologically transparent benchmarks available from a major research organization; public, up-to-date platform penetration rates specifically for Stone County are not provided in these national surveys, so county estimates require modeled approaches rather than direct measurement.

Stone County family-related public records are primarily handled through Arkansas state vital records systems and local courts. Birth and death certificates are created and maintained by the Arkansas Department of Health, Vital Records, with certified copies issued under state rules. Stone County offices may assist with guidance and local filings but do not typically serve as the custodian for statewide vital certificates. Marriage records are filed with the Stone County Clerk and recorded as county records; divorce records are created in circuit court case files.

Adoption records are generally sealed and maintained within the court system; access is restricted by statute and court order. Birth records related to adoption are also subject to state restrictions.

Public online databases include statewide portals for court case access (limited to case metadata and documents when available) via Arkansas Court Connect. County-level information and office contact details are published through the Stone County, Arkansas (official website), including access points for the Stone County Clerk and the Stone County Circuit Clerk.

In-person access is typically available during business hours at the County Clerk (recorded instruments such as marriages) and Circuit Clerk (court files), while certified birth/death records are obtained through Arkansas Vital Records. Privacy limits commonly apply to vital records, adoption files, and certain court documents involving minors or protected information.

Types of records available

• Marriage licenses and related marriage records
  • Stone County issues marriage licenses through the county clerk. The executed license (often including the officiant’s return and the recorded marriage certificate information) becomes part of the county’s recorded marriage records.
• Divorce records
  • Divorces are handled by the circuit court. The court case file typically includes the divorce decree (final judgment) and related pleadings and orders.
• Annulments
  • Annulments are also handled by the circuit court and maintained as civil case records. The final order is typically an annulment decree or order.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

• Stone County marriage records (licenses/returns)
  • Filed/recorded with: Stone County Clerk (the county recorder function maintains marriage records among other recorded instruments).
  • Access: Maintained in the county clerk’s records; copies are commonly available through in-person request and, where offered, by mail or other county-established request methods.
• Stone County divorce and annulment case records (decrees/orders and case files)
  • Filed with: Stone County Circuit Clerk as part of the circuit court case record.
  • Access: Court records are maintained by the circuit clerk. Access to copies is typically provided through the clerk’s office; some information may also be accessible through statewide court record systems depending on availability and access rules.
• State-level vital record copies
  • Arkansas maintains marriage and divorce data through the state’s vital records system.
  • Custodian: Arkansas Department of Health, Vital Records (statewide issuance of certified vital records, subject to eligibility rules).
  • Access: Vital Records issues certified copies under state restrictions and identity/relationship requirements.
  • Reference: Arkansas Department of Health – Vital Records

Typical information included in these records

• Marriage license/record
  • Full names of the parties
  • Date and place of license issuance (county)
  • Date and place of marriage (as returned by officiant)
  • Name/title of officiant and certification/return information
  • Signatures and recording details (book/page or instrument number), depending on the record format and time period
• Divorce decree (final judgment)
  • Names of parties and case caption/docket number
  • Date of filing and date of decree
  • Court and judge information
  • Legal findings and orders, commonly including dissolution of marriage and provisions on property division, debts, child custody/visitation, child support, spousal support, and restoration of a former name where granted
• Annulment order/decree
  • Names of parties and case caption/docket number
  • Date of order and court/judge information
  • Basis for annulment as reflected in pleadings/orders
  • Orders addressing legal status of the marriage and related matters (property, support, custody) as applicable

Privacy or legal restrictions

• County marriage records
  • Marriage records recorded by the county are generally treated as public records, with access subject to standard public-records practices. Certain sensitive identifiers (where present) may be redacted under applicable law or office policy.
• Divorce and annulment court records
  • Court case files are generally public, but confidentiality can apply to specific filings (for example, sealed records by court order; protected personal information; or restricted records involving minors, adoption-related matters, or other protected proceedings). Access to sealed or restricted items is limited to authorized parties or by court order.
• State-issued certified vital records
  • Certified copies of marriage and divorce records from the Arkansas Department of Health are subject to eligibility requirements and proof-of-identity rules set by state law and Vital Records policy. Non-certified informational access may be more limited than local recorded/court access, depending on the record type and request method.

Stone County is a rural county in north-central Arkansas in the Ozark Mountains, with its county seat in Mountain View and a small, dispersed population living largely in unincorporated communities and small towns. The area is characterized by low population density, a tourism-and-services presence tied to outdoor recreation and Mountain View’s cultural economy, and a housing stock dominated by single-family homes and rural acreage.

Education Indicators

Public schools (counts and names)

Stone County’s public K–12 education is primarily served by two local school districts:

• Mountain View School District (Mountain View)
• Rural Special School District (Fox)

Named schools vary over time due to consolidation and grade reconfiguration; authoritative, current school rosters are maintained through the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) district profiles and directories and district websites. See the Arkansas Department of Education district information (ADE data and district pages) for the most current school lists by district.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

• Student–teacher ratio: District-level ratios in rural Arkansas commonly fall in the low-to-mid teens (students per teacher); Stone County districts generally align with this rural pattern. A single countywide ratio is not typically published as one figure; the most recent ratios are reported by district and school in ADE reporting.
• Graduation rates: Arkansas reports 4-year cohort graduation rates by high school and district. Stone County’s rates are best represented through the district high school graduation rate figures published in ADE accountability/report cards (most recent year available in ADE).

Data note: County-aggregated student–teacher ratios and graduation rates are not consistently published as one combined county metric; ADE district/school report cards are the most direct and current source.

Adult educational attainment (county residents)

Adult education levels are available through the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates for Stone County. Key measures include:

• High school diploma or higher (age 25+): reported by ACS as a county percentage
• Bachelor’s degree or higher (age 25+): reported by ACS as a county percentage

The most recent county profile tables are available via Census Bureau QuickFacts for Stone County (Stone County, Arkansas QuickFacts) and detailed ACS tables via data.census.gov (ACS tables on data.census.gov).

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, AP)

• Career and Technical Education (CTE): Arkansas public high schools commonly offer state-supported CTE pathways (industry credentials and work-based learning), with offerings varying by district size and staffing. District-specific program inventories are typically listed in district course catalogs and ADE CTE reporting.
• Advanced Placement (AP) / concurrent credit: Many Arkansas districts provide AP and/or concurrent credit options through partnerships and state frameworks; availability in Stone County is district-dependent and reflected in local course catalogs and ADE report card indicators.

Data note: A single, countywide inventory of STEM/AP/CTE offerings is not maintained as one public dataset; district course catalogs and ADE CTE/program reporting are the most reliable proxies.

School safety measures and counseling resources

Arkansas districts generally implement:

• Required safety planning and drills (state frameworks for emergency operations)
• Campus security controls (e.g., controlled entry and visitor procedures), varying by campus
• Student support services including school counseling; staffing levels and service models differ by district and school size

School safety planning and student support structures are referenced through district handbooks and ADE compliance frameworks; district handbooks provide the most concrete, local detail.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent available)

The most current annual and monthly unemployment estimates for Stone County are published through the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS). Stone County’s unemployment rate should be taken directly from BLS LAUS series for the latest year. Source: BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS).

Data note: Because unemployment rates update monthly and annually, a fixed numeric value here risks becoming outdated; BLS LAUS is the authoritative current series.

Major industries and employment sectors

Stone County’s employment base is typical of rural Ozark counties, with concentration in:

• Education and health services (schools, clinics, long-term care)
• Retail trade and accommodation/food services (local services and tourism-related demand, especially around Mountain View)
• Public administration (county and municipal services)
• Construction and trades (residential, small commercial, and infrastructure)
• Manufacturing and transportation/warehousing (generally smaller shares than metro areas, but present regionally)

Sector shares are available in ACS “industry by occupation” profiles and labor market summaries. See Stone County ACS profiles on data.census.gov.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

Occupational structure in Stone County commonly skews toward:

• Service occupations (food service, cleaning/maintenance, personal care)
• Sales and office occupations
• Construction and extraction, installation/maintenance/repair
• Transportation and material moving
• Management and professional occupations (smaller share than statewide averages, typical of rural counties)

The most recent occupation distributions are available via ACS county tables on data.census.gov.

Commuting patterns and mean commute time

• Commuting mode: Rural counties typically have high shares of driving alone and limited public transit usage.
• Mean travel time to work: Published by ACS as “mean travel time to work (minutes)” for Stone County; this is the standard metric for typical commuting burden. See QuickFacts commuting indicators and detailed ACS tables on data.census.gov.

Local employment versus out-of-county work

Stone County residents frequently commute to nearby employment centers outside the county due to a limited local job base in specialized fields. The most direct public measures for local-versus-out-of-county work are:

• ACS commuting/geography-of-work variables (county-of-work flows)
• Federal “OnTheMap” origin-destination (LEHD) commuting flows (where available)

A standard reference for county commuting flows is Census OnTheMap (Census OnTheMap (LEHD)).

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership and rental share

Stone County’s housing tenure (owner-occupied vs renter-occupied) is reported in ACS. Rural Arkansas counties typically show higher homeownership rates than metro counties. The current owner/renter split is available through:

• Stone County QuickFacts housing tenure
• ACS housing tenure tables

Median property values and recent trends

• Median value of owner-occupied housing units: Reported by ACS for Stone County (a key benchmark for property values).
• Trend proxy: In rural Ozark markets, prices generally rose during 2020–2022, then moderated with higher interest rates; county-level confirmation is best taken from ACS year-over-year changes and local transaction data.

The most consistent public measure is ACS median value (5-year). See QuickFacts median home value.

Data note: A countywide “recent trend” based on sales (not estimates) typically requires MLS or assessor transaction datasets, which are not uniformly open; ACS provides standardized, comparable estimates.

Typical rent prices

• Median gross rent: Reported by ACS for Stone County and commonly used as the baseline rent indicator. See QuickFacts median gross rent and detailed ACS tables on data.census.gov.

Types of housing

Stone County’s housing stock is predominantly:

• Single-family detached homes
• Manufactured homes (a common rural housing type)
• Rural lots/acreage properties and homes outside incorporated areas
• A limited supply of multifamily apartments, concentrated near Mountain View and other small community nodes

ACS “units in structure” tables provide the county distribution by housing type (detached, attached, 2–4 units, 5+ units, manufactured housing).

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools or amenities)

• Mountain View area: Higher proximity to schools, the courthouse/county services, healthcare clinics, grocery/retail, and the primary cultural/tourism amenities.
• Outlying communities and rural areas: Larger lot sizes, greater distance to schools and services, and higher dependence on personal vehicles. School access is typically defined by district attendance boundaries and travel time rather than walkability.

Because Stone County is largely rural, “neighborhood” characteristics are best described through distance-to-services and road travel times rather than urban block-level amenity density.

Property tax overview (rate and typical homeowner cost)

Property taxes in Arkansas are assessed using millage rates applied to assessed value (a fraction of market value under Arkansas assessment rules). In practice:

• Effective tax burdens in rural Arkansas counties tend to be lower than many U.S. regions, but vary by school district millage, city limits, and special levies.
• Typical annual tax paid by homeowners is best estimated from county assessor/collector data and ACS “real estate taxes paid” distributions.

Local references:

• Stone County assessment and collection information is maintained by county offices (assessor/collector) and reflected in county tax statements.
• State framework and definitions are summarized through the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration (Arkansas DFA property tax framework).

Data note: A single “average property tax rate” for the county is not a standard published metric because millage varies by taxing unit; the most reliable countywide proxy is the ACS distribution/median of real estate taxes paid, combined with median home value for an implied effective rate.