Moody County is located in eastern South Dakota along the Minnesota border, within the Prairie Coteau region. Established in 1873 and organized in 1879, the county developed as part of the state’s late-19th-century agricultural settlement and rail-era growth. It is a small county by population, with roughly 6,000 residents, and remains predominantly rural. The landscape consists of rolling uplands, fertile cropland, and wetlands typical of the Coteau, with the Big Sioux River forming part of its eastern boundary. Agriculture anchors the local economy, with corn, soybeans, small grains, and livestock production supported by related services and light industry. Cultural and community life is centered on small towns and farming areas, reflecting a regional Upper Midwest character. The county seat is Flandreau, the largest community and a local hub for government, schools, and commerce.

Moody County Local Demographic Profile

Moody County is located in east-central South Dakota along the Minnesota border, within the Sioux Falls metropolitan region. The county seat is Flandreau, and county services are administered locally through county government.

Population Size

Age & Gender

Racial & Ethnic Composition

Household & Housing Data

  • The U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Moody County, South Dakota page provides county-level measures commonly used for local profiles, including:
    • Number of households
    • Owner-occupied housing rate
    • Median value of owner-occupied housing units
    • Median gross rent
    • Selected housing unit counts and characteristics
  • For additional housing detail (structure type, year built, occupancy/vacancy characteristics), county-level tables are available via data.census.gov (search: “Moody County, South Dakota” and “Housing characteristics”).

Local Government Reference

Email Usage

Moody County’s largely rural geography and low population density shape digital communication by increasing last‑mile infrastructure costs and leaving some areas dependent on slower fixed wireless or legacy networks.

Direct county-level email usage statistics are generally not published, so email access trends are inferred from proxy indicators such as household broadband subscriptions, computer availability, and age structure reported by the U.S. Census Bureau (data.census.gov). These measures track the practical ability to create and maintain email accounts for work, school, health portals, and government services.

Digital access indicators for Moody County are available through the Census “Computer and Internet Use” tables and typically include: share of households with a broadband subscription (cable/fiber/DSL/fixed wireless/satellite) and share with a desktop or laptop computer. Age distribution also matters because older populations tend to show lower adoption of some online communication tools; county age profiles are available via QuickFacts. Gender distribution is generally less predictive of basic email adoption than age and connectivity, but county sex composition is also reported in QuickFacts.

Connectivity constraints and service availability can be cross-referenced using the FCC National Broadband Map.

Mobile Phone Usage

County context and connectivity-relevant characteristics

Moody County is in eastern South Dakota along the Minnesota border, with a predominantly rural land use pattern and a population concentrated in small communities (notably Flandreau, the county seat). The county sits on the eastern South Dakota prairie with generally low-relief terrain; this reduces terrain-blocking issues common in mountainous areas but does not eliminate rural coverage gaps driven by long distances between towers and lower network investment density. Basic geographic and population context is available through the U.S. Census Bureau’s county profiles on Census.gov (population, density, housing, commuting, income).

A key distinction throughout is that network availability (where mobile broadband service is reported as offered) is not the same as adoption (whether households subscribe to mobile service or rely on it for internet).


Network availability (coverage) vs. household adoption (subscription)

Network availability (supply-side)

Primary sources for mobile coverage in and around Moody County:

  • The FCC’s broadband data and maps provide provider-reported mobile broadband coverage and technology by location, used nationally for availability comparisons. See the FCC National Broadband Map.
  • South Dakota’s statewide broadband planning and mapping resources aggregate availability and program information. See the South Dakota Broadband Program.

Limitations at the county scale: FCC mobile coverage is based on standardized filings and methodologies and is best interpreted as reported service availability, not a guarantee of in-building performance, consistent speeds, or coverage on every road segment. Rural coverage can vary materially by carrier, handset bands supported, tower sector orientation, and local clutter (trees/buildings), even on flat terrain.

Household adoption (demand-side)

Primary sources for adoption indicators:

  • The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) provides household-level indicators related to computing devices and internet subscriptions, including mobile data plans in some tables. County-level estimates are typically derived from 1-year (for larger areas) or 5-year (for smaller counties) ACS products. See ACS access through data.census.gov.
  • Adoption metrics often used in broadband planning (internet subscription types, device access) are summarized in Census “Computer and Internet Use”/ACS tables and can be filtered to Moody County.

Limitations at the county scale: ACS estimates for small counties can have large margins of error, and some technology-specific measures are more stable at regional or state geographies than at the county level.


Mobile penetration or access indicators (where available)

Household access and subscription indicators (ACS)

County-level indicators commonly used to approximate “mobile access” include:

  • Households with a cellular data plan (as reported in ACS internet subscription tables).
  • Households with a smartphone and households with any computing device (ACS device-ownership tables).
  • Households with any internet subscription and the mix of subscription types (mobile data plan, cable/fiber/DSL, satellite, etc.).

These can be retrieved for Moody County via data.census.gov by selecting Moody County, SD and searching ACS tables related to “internet subscription” and “smartphone.”

Population-level “penetration” caveat

True mobile “penetration” (active SIMs per person) is typically produced by carriers or specialized telecom datasets and is not generally published at county resolution. Publicly available county-level proxies therefore rely on ACS household measures (device and subscription reporting) rather than carrier subscriber counts.


Mobile internet usage patterns and technology availability (4G/5G)

4G LTE availability

In most rural Great Plains counties, 4G LTE is the baseline mobile broadband technology and is generally more geographically extensive than 5G. Location-specific 4G availability by provider is best referenced through the FCC National Broadband Map by searching within Moody County and reviewing the “mobile broadband” layers/provider results.

5G availability (and what it usually means in rural areas)

Public coverage reporting typically separates:

  • 5G coverage presence (areas where a 5G signal is reported available), and
  • 5G performance tiers (often reflecting spectrum and deployment type).

In rural counties, 5G may be present along highways and around towns but may not be ubiquitous across all farmland and low-density areas. County-wide statements about 5G performance are not reliable without carrier- and location-specific verification. For a standardized view of where 5G is reported available, use the FCC National Broadband Map mobile layers.

Usage pattern evidence at county level (limitations)

Public datasets rarely publish “share of usage on 4G vs 5G” at the county scale. Patterns are typically inferred indirectly from:

  • availability footprint (FCC map layers),
  • device ownership mix (ACS smartphone/device tables),
  • and fixed broadband availability (state broadband resources) that influences whether households rely on mobile as primary internet.

Common device types (smartphones vs. other devices)

Smartphones as the dominant mobile access device

At the household level, ACS device questions identify smartphones separately from other computing devices, enabling a county profile of:

  • households with smartphones,
  • households with desktop/laptop/tablet,
  • households with no computing device.

For Moody County, these indicators are best drawn from ACS 5-year tables via data.census.gov. These measures describe household access to device types rather than individual ownership.

Non-phone mobile connectivity (hotspots, fixed wireless receivers)

Public county-level data on dedicated hotspots, connected IoT devices, and in-vehicle connectivity is limited. Some fixed wireless broadband availability (which is not the same as mobile/cellular service) may be documented through state broadband resources such as the South Dakota Broadband Program.


Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage in Moody County

Rural settlement pattern and tower economics

Moody County’s low population density and dispersed housing increase per-user network build costs and can reduce the number of cell sites available to serve wide areas. This typically affects:

  • the likelihood of weak signal or lower speeds outside incorporated areas,
  • indoor coverage in metal-roofed farm buildings or energy-efficient homes,
  • and resilience during peak usage (fewer sectors serving larger areas).

These are structural rural-network dynamics; precise impacts vary by carrier and location and are not fully captured in county averages.

Town-centered connectivity and commuting corridors

Coverage and capacity tend to be strongest in and near Flandreau and along primary road corridors where traffic concentrates. This is an availability pattern; it does not directly measure whether households subscribe to mobile plans.

Income, age, and household composition (ACS)

Demographic variables correlated with adoption—such as income, age distribution, educational attainment, and household size—are available from the ACS and can be cross-referenced with device/subscription tables on data.census.gov. Public ACS tables support statements about:

  • differences in internet subscription rates across income bands (where tabulations are available),
  • households more likely to be mobile-only (commonly associated with affordability constraints and limited fixed options).

County-specific demographic-to-mobile adoption relationships should be described using ACS tabulations rather than generalized claims.

Cross-border proximity and regional network design

Moody County’s position on the Minnesota border can influence roaming/coverage design and backhaul routes, but publicly available sources do not provide county-specific engineering details. Standardized availability information remains best obtained through the FCC National Broadband Map.


Summary of what can be stated with high confidence (and what cannot)

  • Network availability: Provider-reported 4G/5G mobile broadband availability for specific locations in Moody County is available from the FCC National Broadband Map; this reflects reported coverage, not guaranteed performance.
  • Household adoption: Device access (including smartphones) and internet subscription types (including cellular data plans) are available as estimates from the ACS via data.census.gov; small-county margins of error can be material.
  • Usage patterns (4G vs 5G share, data consumption): County-level usage split and consumption metrics are not routinely published in public datasets; publicly defensible statements at county scale should rely on coverage layers and ACS adoption proxies rather than inferred traffic patterns.

Social Media Trends

Moody County is in eastern South Dakota along the Minnesota border, with Flandreau as the county seat and a regional role shaped by agriculture, local services, and proximity to the Sioux Falls metro area. These characteristics typically align with “small‑metro/rural” connectivity patterns in the Upper Midwest, where social media use is widespread but platform choice and intensity often vary by age and broadband/mobile access.

User statistics (penetration/active use)

  • County-specific social media penetration: No authoritative, regularly published dataset provides verified platform-active user penetration at the county level for Moody County. Major public sources (federal statistics and large national surveys) report at national/state or demographic levels rather than by county.
  • Best available benchmark (U.S. adults):
    • About 7 in 10 U.S. adults (≈69%) report using at least one social media site, based on the Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.
    • Social media use remains high across community types; Pew’s ongoing reporting shows rural adults use social media at slightly lower rates than urban/suburban adults, but still with a clear majority on major platforms (see the same Pew fact sheet for the latest breakdowns by geography and demographics).

Age group trends

Nationally (Pew), social media usage is highest among younger adults, with distinct platform skews:

  • 18–29: Highest overall usage and highest concentration on visual/video and messaging-centric platforms (notably Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok).
  • 30–49: High overall usage with heavier reliance on Facebook and Instagram; YouTube is near-universal across adult ages.
  • 50–64 and 65+: Lower overall usage than younger groups, with Facebook and YouTube dominating and lower adoption of Snapchat and TikTok. Source: Pew Research Center (platform use by age).

Gender breakdown

Pew’s platform-by-platform results show gender differences that typically appear in county populations as well:

  • Women tend to report higher usage than men on Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and (in many waves) TikTok.
  • Men tend to report higher usage on Reddit and some discussion/news-adjacent platforms.
  • YouTube usage is high for both men and women with relatively small differences. Source: Pew Research Center (platform use by gender).

Most-used platforms (percentages where available)

Because verified platform penetration is not published at the county level, the most defensible “percent using” figures are U.S. adult benchmarks from Pew (commonly used as reference points for local summaries):

  • YouTube: ~83% of U.S. adults
  • Facebook: ~68%
  • Instagram: ~47%
  • Pinterest: ~35%
  • TikTok: ~33%
  • LinkedIn: ~30%
  • WhatsApp: ~29%
  • Snapchat: ~27%
  • X (formerly Twitter): ~22%
  • Reddit: ~22% Source: Pew Research Center social media fact sheet.

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns and preferences)

Patterns below are consistently observed in reputable U.S. survey research and are generally applicable to rural/small-county contexts like Moody County, with intensity varying by age and connectivity:

  • Video is the cross-age anchor format: YouTube’s broad reach reflects routine use for how-to content, entertainment, and local/niche interests across age groups (Pew platform reach shows YouTube leading overall).
  • Facebook remains central for local community information: Local events, school activities, community groups, and informal marketplace activity tend to concentrate on Facebook in smaller communities, aligning with Facebook’s high penetration among adults, especially 30+ (Pew).
  • Short-form video growth among younger adults: TikTok and Instagram usage concentrates among younger adults, and engagement tends to be higher-frequency than text-forward platforms (Pew age gradients).
  • Messaging and private sharing complement public posting: National research shows a long-running shift from broad public posting toward private or semi-private interactions (group posts, DMs), particularly among adults balancing family/community ties.
  • News and civic information are platform-dependent: Usage of social media for news varies, with some platforms functioning more as link-and-comment environments. For national context on where Americans get news on social platforms, see Pew Research Center’s Journalism & Media research (ongoing reports on social media and news consumption).

Family & Associates Records

Moody County maintains several family and associate-related public records through county and state offices. Birth and death records are classified as South Dakota vital records and are administered by the South Dakota Department of Health rather than the county; access is typically limited to eligible requestors under state rules. Marriage licenses are commonly issued and recorded at the county level through the Moody County Register of Deeds (Moody County Register of Deeds). Divorce records are handled through the South Dakota court system, with case access managed by the Unified Judicial System (South Dakota Unified Judicial System); copies are generally obtained from the clerk of courts where filed. Adoption records are restricted by state law and are generally not publicly available.

Public databases for county-recorded instruments (including marriage-related recordings and other associated documents such as deeds and liens) are commonly available via county record search tools or third-party hosting linked from official county pages; the county website provides starting points and office contact information (Moody County, SD (official site)).

Records are accessed online where an official portal exists, or in person by visiting the relevant office during business hours. Privacy restrictions commonly apply to vital records, adoption files, and certain court records (including sealed cases), while recorded land and many non-confidential court docket entries are generally more accessible.

Marriage & Divorce Records

Types of records available

Marriage records

  • Marriage license application and license/certificate: Issued at the county level and used to authorize and document a marriage.
  • Marriage return: The completed portion of the license/certificate returned by the officiant after the ceremony; used to finalize the county record.

Divorce records

  • Divorce case file: The court file for the dissolution action, typically including pleadings, motions, notices, and orders.
  • Divorce decree (Judgment and Decree of Divorce): The final court order that legally ends the marriage and sets terms such as property division, support, and parenting matters.

Annulment records

  • Annulment case file and decree/judgment: Court records documenting a finding that a marriage is void or voidable under South Dakota law and the court’s final order.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

Marriage licenses (county-level)

  • Filed/maintained by: Moody County Register of Deeds (marriage records are a county function in South Dakota).
  • Access: Copies are generally obtained by requesting a certified or non-certified copy from the Register of Deeds. Request procedures commonly include a written request, fees, and identity verification as required by office policy and state law.

Divorce and annulment records (court-level)

  • Filed/maintained by: Moody County Clerk of Courts (South Dakota Unified Judicial System), as part of the official civil court record.
  • Access: The Clerk of Courts provides access to case records and certified copies of decrees/judgments. Public access is subject to court rules and statutory confidentiality limits. Some docket-level information may be available through the South Dakota Unified Judicial System’s public access services, while documents may require a clerk request.

State-level vital records (marriage/divorce verification)

  • Maintained by: South Dakota Department of Health, Vital Records (statewide vital events registration and certified vital records).
  • Access: The state office typically issues certified copies/abstracts consistent with state eligibility rules, which may differ from access at the county/court file level.

Typical information included in these records

Marriage license/certificate and return

  • Full names of the parties (including maiden name when applicable)
  • Date and place of marriage (city/township and county)
  • Ages/birth dates (varies by form and era)
  • Residences at time of application
  • Officiant’s name and authority; ceremony date; signatures and witnesses (as recorded on the return)
  • License number, issuance date, and recording information

Divorce decree and court case file

  • Names of parties; case number; court and county of filing
  • Date of filing and date of judgment/decree
  • Findings and orders on:
    • Marital status termination
    • Property and debt division
    • Spousal support (alimony) where ordered
    • Child custody/parenting time, child support, and related provisions when applicable
    • Name change orders when granted
  • Related filings may include financial affidavits, settlement agreements, parenting plans, and support worksheets (public access may be restricted for some items)

Annulment judgment/decree and court case file

  • Names of parties; case number; court and county of filing
  • Legal basis for annulment and court findings
  • Date of judgment and orders addressing status, property/debt, support, and parenting matters where applicable

Privacy and legal restrictions

  • Certified copies and eligibility: South Dakota vital records offices generally restrict issuance of certified copies of vital records to eligible applicants under state law and administrative rules. Identification and a qualified relationship or legal interest may be required.
  • Court record confidentiality: Divorce and annulment files are generally court records, but specific documents and data elements may be confidential or redacted under South Dakota law and court rules (commonly including Social Security numbers, minor children’s personal identifiers, certain financial account information, and sensitive reports).
  • Sealed/impounded records: Portions of a family law case may be sealed by court order. Access to sealed materials is restricted to parties and others authorized by the court.
  • Public inspection limits: Even when a case is public, clerks may limit access to protected information and provide redacted copies consistent with privacy rules.
  • Identity theft and privacy redactions: Requesters often receive records with mandated redactions of protected personal information.

Education, Employment and Housing

Moody County is in eastern South Dakota along the Minnesota border, with a largely rural settlement pattern and a small set of population centers anchored by Flandreau (the county seat) and smaller communities such as Colman and Trent. The county’s demographic and service profile reflects a mix of agricultural land use, small-town public institutions, and regional commuting ties to the Sioux Falls labor market.

Education Indicators

Public schools (counts and names)

Moody County’s K–12 public education is primarily delivered through local districts serving the county’s main communities. Public school facilities commonly cited for the county include:

  • Flandreau School District: Flandreau Elementary; Flandreau Middle School; Flandreau High School
  • Colman‑Egan School District: Colman‑Egan Elementary; Colman‑Egan High School
  • Trent area: Students are generally served through nearby districts (coverage can include district boundaries that extend across county lines).
    A consolidated, official directory of district and school listings is maintained by the South Dakota Department of Education via its public reporting and district information tools (school-by-school rosters and contacts): South Dakota Department of Education.
    Note: A single “number of public schools in-county” figure varies by whether counting buildings physically located in the county or district attendance areas that cross county lines; state DOE directories are the most defensible source for current counts.

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

  • Student–teacher ratios: District-level ratios in rural eastern South Dakota typically fall in the mid‑teens (roughly 12:1–16:1) based on common staffing patterns in small districts. A countywide, single ratio is not generally published as a standard statistic; district report cards provide the most current ratios and staffing.
  • Graduation rates: South Dakota reports cohort graduation rates annually at the district and school level. Moody County districts generally track near statewide rural norms (often high‑80% to mid‑90% ranges in recent years), but the definitive current values are in the state’s district report cards and accountability reporting: South Dakota school report cards.
    Proxy note: When school-level rates are not compiled into a county aggregate, district report cards are the standard proxy for the county profile.

Adult educational attainment

Adult educational attainment for Moody County is published through the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS). Commonly used indicators include:

  • High school diploma or higher (age 25+)
  • Bachelor’s degree or higher (age 25+)
    The most recent 5‑year ACS profile tables are the standard source for county-level attainment: U.S. Census Bureau data portal (ACS).
    Note: County attainment percentages update annually in ACS 5‑year releases and are considered the most reliable small-area estimates.

Notable programs (STEM, CTE, AP/dual credit)

  • Career and Technical Education (CTE): South Dakota supports CTE pathways statewide (agriculture, skilled trades, health sciences, business, and related fields). Local availability is typically delivered through district course offerings and regional collaborations. State-level program standards and CTE structure are summarized by the DOE: South Dakota CTE.
  • Dual credit / postsecondary credit: Many South Dakota districts participate in dual-credit opportunities through regional colleges and universities; participation is district-specific and reflected in local course catalogs and DOE reporting.
  • Advanced Placement (AP): AP availability varies by high school size and staffing; rural districts may offer limited AP and rely more heavily on dual-credit options.
    Proxy note: Program availability in Moody County is best represented at the district level rather than as a countywide inventory.

School safety measures and counseling resources

South Dakota districts commonly implement a mix of:

  • Controlled building access and visitor management
  • Emergency operations planning and drills (fire, severe weather, lockdown procedures)
  • School resource officer partnerships where feasible
  • Student support services that typically include school counselors and referral pathways to community providers
    State guidance and resources for school safety are coordinated through state education and public safety frameworks; district handbooks and board policies provide the most concrete, current measures for each school.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent year available)

The most current unemployment estimates for Moody County are published through the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS), typically available as monthly and annual averages: BLS LAUS unemployment data.
Data note: County unemployment in eastern South Dakota tends to be low relative to national averages, with seasonal variation tied to construction, agriculture, and tourism-related activity. The definitive “most recent year” value is the latest annual average in LAUS.

Major industries and employment sectors

Moody County’s employment base reflects a rural eastern South Dakota structure, with major sectors typically including:

  • Agriculture (farm operations and agribusiness support)
  • Manufacturing (often smaller plants and regional suppliers)
  • Educational services (public schools)
  • Health care and social assistance
  • Retail trade and local services
  • Construction and transportation/warehousing linked to regional growth corridors
    County sector distributions are available in ACS “Industry” tables and in regional labor market summaries: ACS industry and workforce tables.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

Common occupational groupings for the county area typically include:

  • Management and business
  • Sales and office occupations (local services and county seat functions)
  • Construction and extraction (residential and farm-related work)
  • Production and transportation (manufacturing/logistics)
  • Education, healthcare support, and protective services
    Occupational composition is published in ACS “Occupation” tables at the county level: ACS occupation tables.

Commuting patterns and mean commute times

  • Commuting: A significant share of residents commute to larger employment centers in the Sioux Falls metro area (notably Minnehaha and Lincoln counties), while others work locally in education, county/city government, services, and agriculture.
  • Mean travel time to work: The ACS provides county mean commute time (minutes) and commuting mode shares (drive alone, carpool, etc.) as the standard measures: ACS commuting and travel time tables.
    Proxy note: Rural counties adjacent to a metro area commonly show mean commute times in the low‑ to mid‑20‑minute range, with higher values for cross-county commuters.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

County-to-county commuting flows are best quantified with U.S. Census “OnTheMap” origin-destination data (LEHD), which shows where residents work versus where jobs are located: Census OnTheMap commuting flows.
General pattern: Moody County typically functions as a partial labor-shed for nearby metro employment while retaining local jobs in schools, healthcare, retail/services, and agriculture.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

Homeownership and renter shares are published in ACS housing tenure tables at the county level: ACS housing tenure tables.
General pattern: Moody County typically shows high homeownership consistent with rural South Dakota counties, with rentals concentrated in Flandreau and near employment nodes.

Median property values and recent trends

  • Median owner‑occupied home value is provided by ACS (and is the standard comparable statistic across counties): ACS median home value tables.
  • Recent trends: Like much of eastern South Dakota, values have generally trended upward since 2020 due to constrained inventory, higher construction costs, and regional spillover demand from the Sioux Falls market.
    Proxy note: Short-term price movements can be volatile in small counties; ACS 5‑year estimates provide stability but lag recent market turns.

Typical rent prices

  • Median gross rent is published by ACS: ACS median gross rent tables.
    General pattern: Rents are generally lower than Sioux Falls-area metro averages, with the most consistent rental supply in the county seat and along major routes.

Types of housing

  • Single-family detached homes dominate the owner-occupied stock in towns and rural acreages.
  • Rural farmsteads and acreage lots are common outside incorporated areas.
  • Small multifamily properties and apartments are more common in Flandreau; smaller buildings (duplexes, fourplexes) are typical in rural county seats rather than large complexes.
    These characteristics align with ACS “Units in structure” distributions: ACS housing structure type tables.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

  • Flandreau: The county’s most complete cluster of amenities (schools, city services, retail, parks) and the greatest concentration of rentals and smaller-lot housing.
  • Colman/Egan area: Small-town residential patterns with proximity to school facilities and local services; commuting to larger employment centers is common.
  • Rural areas: Larger lots, farm access, and longer travel distances to services; housing is typically tied to agricultural use or acreage living.

Property tax overview (rate and typical homeowner cost)

South Dakota relies heavily on property taxes for local services, with effective property tax rates varying by assessed value class, school district levies, and local jurisdictions. County-level “typical homeowner cost” is most clearly represented in ACS by median annual real estate taxes paid on owner-occupied housing units: ACS property tax (real estate taxes paid) tables.
For assessment practices, levies, and statewide tax structure context, the South Dakota Department of Revenue provides the formal framework: South Dakota Department of Revenue.
Proxy note: A single county “average rate” is not a uniform statutory rate; effective rates differ across taxing districts and property characteristics, making median taxes paid the most comparable measure for households.*