Gilliam County is a rural county in north-central Oregon, extending from the Columbia River south across portions of the Columbia Plateau. It lies east of Wasco County and west of Morrow County, with broad, open landscapes shaped by dryland farming and river corridors. Established in 1885 and named for early Oregon pioneer Colonel Cornelius Gilliam, the county developed around wheat production and river-based transportation, later influenced by regional hydroelectric and irrigation projects along the Columbia. Gilliam County is one of Oregon’s least populous counties, with a small population on the order of about 2,000 residents. The economy is dominated by agriculture—especially wheat and other grains—along with related services and some energy and transportation activity tied to the Columbia River. Communities are sparse and widely separated, reflecting low-density settlement and a strong connection to working lands. The county seat is Condon.

Gilliam County Local Demographic Profile

Gilliam County is a sparsely populated county in north-central Oregon along the Columbia River, within the Columbia Plateau region. The county seat is Condon, and the county encompasses extensive rural and agricultural areas.

Population Size

According to the U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts for Gilliam County, Oregon, the county had a population of 1,995 (2020).

Age & Gender

Age distribution and sex composition are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau for Gilliam County through profile tables and QuickFacts. The most commonly cited county-level sources are:

Exact percentages for each age bracket and the precise male-to-female ratio are available in the Census Bureau tables above; this profile does not reproduce those values without directly citing a specific table and vintage.

Racial & Ethnic Composition

Race and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity statistics for Gilliam County are published by the U.S. Census Bureau and are accessible via:

These sources provide the county’s distribution across major race categories (including multiracial reporting) and the share of the population identifying as Hispanic or Latino.

Household & Housing Data

The U.S. Census Bureau publishes household and housing measures for Gilliam County, including household counts, average household size, owner/renter occupancy, and housing unit totals through:

For local government and planning resources, visit the Gilliam County official website.

Email Usage

Gilliam County is a sparsely populated, largely rural Columbia Plateau county, where long distances between communities and limited last‑mile infrastructure can constrain digital communication such as email.

Direct county-level email usage statistics are not routinely published; broadband and device access are common proxies for email access and adoption. The most recent county indicators are available via the U.S. Census Bureau (ACS) “Computer and Internet Use” tables, which report household computer ownership and broadband subscription (including cable, fiber, and DSL) rather than email accounts or frequency of use. These measures indicate the share of households positioned to use webmail or client-based email.

Age structure is relevant because older populations tend to show lower adoption of online communication tools. Gilliam County’s age distribution can be referenced in ACS demographic tables, which provide median age and age cohorts; these proxies contextualize likely email uptake without estimating usage rates.

Gender distribution is typically less predictive of email adoption than access and age; county sex-by-age counts are also available in ACS profiles.

Connectivity constraints affecting email reliability include sparse housing density and limited provider footprints; local context is documented through Gilliam County government resources and statewide broadband planning via the Oregon Broadband Office.

Mobile Phone Usage

Gilliam County is a sparsely populated rural county in north-central Oregon along the Columbia River corridor (including communities such as Arlington and Condon). Large areas are agricultural and rangeland with long distances between населated places, and terrain includes river valleys and uplands. Low population density and wide coverage areas per cell site are central constraints on mobile network economics and can affect both signal availability and service performance, especially outside highways and towns.

Key definitions used in this overview

  • Network availability: Where mobile broadband is reported as serviceable/covered by carriers (supply-side).
  • Household adoption (actual use): Whether residents subscribe to mobile service or rely on mobile as their internet connection (demand-side).

Mobile penetration or access indicators (adoption)

County-specific “mobile phone subscription” rates are not consistently published as a single metric, but several public datasets describe household access to telephony and internet.

  • Household telephone access (includes mobile-only households)
    The U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) provides county tables on telephone service availability (a household measure that can include cellular-only households). These tables are the closest standardized county-level indicator of phone access. See the ACS data portal via Census.gov data tables (search terms commonly used include “telephone service” and “Gilliam County, Oregon”).
    Limitation: ACS telephone measures are not identical to “mobile subscriptions per person,” and sampling error can be material in very small counties.

  • Household internet access and “cellular data plan” reliance
    ACS also reports whether households have internet subscriptions and the type (including cellular data plan). These data help distinguish:

    • households that have mobile service,
    • households that use mobile as their internet connection, and
    • households that also have fixed broadband.
      Source: ACS internet subscription data on Census.gov.
      Limitation: ACS is self-reported and describes household subscription types, not measured network performance.
  • Broadband adoption context (including mobile)
    Oregon’s statewide broadband planning materials typically summarize adoption challenges in rural counties (income, age, and infrastructure constraints), but county-level mobile adoption is usually discussed indirectly. Reference: Oregon Broadband Office.
    Limitation: State materials often emphasize fixed broadband; mobile adoption detail may be limited.

Network availability (coverage) vs household adoption (use)

Gilliam County generally illustrates a common rural pattern:

  • Availability can be present along highways and towns while
  • Adoption and effective day-to-day usability depend on affordability, device ownership, indoor coverage, terrain, and whether fixed broadband is available at the home.

Public availability information is more detailed than adoption at the county level.

Mobile internet usage patterns and availability (4G/5G)

Reported 4G LTE / 5G coverage (availability)

  • FCC mobile broadband coverage maps provide carrier-reported availability for LTE and 5G at location grids. These maps can be used to check where 4G/5G are reported within Gilliam County and to compare outdoor coverage claims across carriers. Source: FCC National Broadband Map.
    Interpretation note: FCC mobile coverage is based on provider submissions and is best treated as “reported serviceability,” not a guarantee of consistent signal in all conditions (e.g., indoors, behind terrain, or during congestion).

  • Oregon broadband mapping and planning resources may provide complementary views or links to FCC data and local project context. Source: Oregon Broadband Office.

Typical rural usage implications (patterns)

County-level measurements of how people use 4G versus 5G (share of time on each, traffic mix) are generally not published for Gilliam County. Patterns are therefore described only through data sources that indicate likely constraints:

  • Coverage footprint influences usage: In rural counties, users often remain on LTE across much of the geography, with 5G more likely near towns or major corridors where carriers have upgraded sites. Confirmation requires checking the FCC map at specific locations in the county: FCC National Broadband Map.
  • Performance variability: Where only a small number of macro sites serve large areas, speeds can vary with distance, terrain shielding, and tower loading. Public, standardized countywide performance datasets are limited; speed-test aggregations exist commercially but are not official county statistics.

Common device types (smartphones vs other devices)

County-level device-type shares (smartphone vs feature phone vs tablet/hotspot) are not typically published as official statistics. The most defensible public indicators come from ACS household device and subscription questions:

  • Smartphone-centric access is inferred from “cellular data plan” subscriptions
    ACS identifies households with a cellular data plan as an internet subscription type, which commonly corresponds to smartphone use and/or dedicated hotspot devices. Source: ACS internet subscription tables on Census.gov.
    Limitation: ACS does not reliably separate smartphones from hotspots in a way that yields a clean “smartphone penetration” percentage at the county level.

  • Smartphones vs “other devices”
    More detailed device ownership (desktop/laptop/tablet) is available in some ACS tables, but smartphone ownership itself is not always tabulated as a stand-alone county metric in the same way. Where available, ACS computer/device tables can be accessed via Census.gov.
    Limitation: For small counties, margins of error can be large and year-to-year comparisons can be unstable.

Demographic and geographic factors influencing mobile usage and connectivity

Population density and settlement pattern

  • Gilliam County’s low density means fewer cell sites can serve many square miles, often producing coverage gaps away from towns and highways and making indoor coverage less consistent. This primarily affects availability and quality, not only adoption.
  • Settlement concentration in small towns (e.g., Condon, Arlington) tends to align with stronger coverage footprints relative to outlying agricultural areas, as seen in carrier-reported availability layers on the FCC National Broadband Map.

Terrain and land use

  • River corridors, rolling uplands, and breaks can create line-of-sight challenges for macro-cell propagation. Agricultural land use also yields long distances between structures, reducing the incentive for dense small-cell deployment.

Household internet substitution (mobile-only broadband)

  • Rural households without reliable fixed broadband frequently rely on cellular data plans as their primary connection. The best standardized measure is the ACS count/share of households reporting cellular data plan internet subscriptions (including those with or without other subscription types). Source: Census.gov (ACS internet subscription).
  • This indicator reflects adoption behavior (using mobile for internet) rather than network availability.

Income, age, and housing factors (adoption-side drivers)

  • ACS provides county estimates for income, age distribution, disability status, and housing characteristics, which are commonly associated in broadband research with differences in subscription rates and device access. County profiles and tables are available through Census.gov.
    Limitation: These are correlates; county-level causal estimates for mobile adoption are not provided in official datasets.

Data limitations specific to Gilliam County

  • Small population can produce large ACS margins of error and less stable year-over-year estimates.
  • Carrier-reported coverage (FCC map) describes availability but does not directly measure real-world signal indoors, during peak load, or in topographically shielded areas.
  • Smartphone penetration is not published as a definitive countywide metric in the same way that household internet subscription types are; device-type discussion relies on indirect indicators (e.g., cellular data plan subscription).

Primary public sources used for county-level indicators

Social Media Trends

Gilliam County is a sparsely populated, largely rural county in north-central Oregon along the Columbia River, with Condon as the county seat and Arlington as a notable river and transportation hub. The local economy is strongly tied to agriculture (notably dryland wheat and ranching) and freight/travel corridors, and the county’s low population density and older age profile shape social media use toward mobile-first access, community information sharing, and practical communication rather than large-scale local influencer ecosystems.

User statistics (penetration / share of residents using social media)

  • County-specific social media penetration figures are not published in major national datasets at the county level; the most reliable benchmarks are statewide and national surveys.
  • Nationally, about 7 in 10 U.S. adults use social media per the Pew Research Center social media fact sheet. In rural counties like Gilliam, usage typically tracks the national pattern but is shaped by age structure and broadband/mobile availability.
  • Oregon’s rural counties often show lower fixed-broadband availability than urban corridors, which can increase reliance on smartphones for social access; see the FCC National Broadband Map for local availability context.

Age group trends (who uses social media most)

Based on nationally representative U.S. patterns from Pew Research Center:

  • Highest use: Ages 18–29 (near-universal use across at least one platform in Pew’s reporting).
  • Next highest: Ages 30–49 (large majority).
  • Lower but still substantial: Ages 50–64 (majority).
  • Lowest: Ages 65+ (minority-to-majority depending on platform, generally lower than younger groups). Gilliam County’s rural demographics and older median age relative to many Oregon metro counties typically shift the overall local mix toward platforms favored by older adults (notably Facebook) and away from youth-dominant platforms (notably TikTok and Snapchat).

Gender breakdown

Major national surveys show gender differences vary by platform more than by overall social media use:

  • Overall social media use among adults is broadly similar by gender in Pew’s reporting, while platform-specific splits can be pronounced (for example, Pinterest tends to skew female; some discussion platforms skew male).
  • Platform-level gender patterns are summarized in the Pew Research Center fact sheet and related Pew platform reports.

Most-used platforms (benchmarks; local ordering likely)

County-level platform shares are not released in major public datasets; the most reliable percentages are national benchmarks. Using Pew’s U.S. adult estimates as reference points (Pew Research Center):

  • YouTube: used by a large majority of U.S. adults (commonly the top platform in Pew reporting).
  • Facebook: used by a majority of U.S. adults; tends to be especially important in rural communities for local news, events, buy/sell, and community groups.
  • Instagram: used by a sizable minority of adults; skews younger.
  • Pinterest: used by a sizable minority; skews female.
  • TikTok: used by a sizable minority; strongly skews younger.
  • LinkedIn: used by a smaller minority; skews higher education/income and working-age professionals.
  • X (formerly Twitter): used by a smaller minority; tends to skew toward news-followers and certain professional communities.

Gilliam County platform mix (practical expectation from rural U.S. usage patterns):

  • Facebook and YouTube typically account for the broadest reach in rural counties due to cross-age adoption and utility for community information and video content.
  • Instagram and TikTok tend to concentrate in younger cohorts and may be less dominant overall due to population age structure.

Behavioral trends (engagement patterns / platform preferences)

  • Community information utility: Rural counties frequently use Facebook Groups/Pages for civic updates, school activities, local events, mutual aid, road/weather impacts, and buy/sell exchanges, aligning with Facebook’s community-group features and older-audience strength (consistent with Pew’s platform adoption patterns).
  • Video-first consumption: YouTube supports low-friction consumption (how-to, equipment/ag topics, local sports highlights, news clips). Pew consistently identifies YouTube as the most widely used platform among U.S. adults (Pew Research Center).
  • Mobile reliance: In areas with limited fixed-broadband competition, engagement often emphasizes mobile-friendly formats (short videos, compressed images, messaging). Local access constraints can influence posting frequency and content type; availability context is documented in the FCC National Broadband Map.
  • Local news discovery: Nationally, social platforms are a common path to news for many adults; the platform mix differs by age and ideology. See the Pew Research Center social media and news fact sheet for U.S. benchmarks.
  • Engagement concentration: Smaller communities often show high visibility for a small number of local pages (schools, emergency management, city/community pages), with engagement driven by timely announcements rather than constant creator-led posting.

Family & Associates Records

Gilliam County family-related records are primarily maintained through Oregon’s statewide Vital Records system. Birth and death certificates are registered with the Oregon Health Authority’s Center for Health Statistics and can be ordered through Oregon Vital Records. Marriage and divorce records are also handled through state and county court systems; Gilliam County court filings and case information are administered through the Oregon Judicial Department – Gilliam County Circuit Court. Adoption records in Oregon are generally confidential and managed through state processes, with access governed by statute and court order.

Public databases relevant to family/associate research typically include court calendars and registers (where available) and recorded property documents that may reflect family relationships. Recorded land records, deeds, and related instruments are filed with the county clerk and may be accessed through the Gilliam County Clerk office; access methods vary by record series and may require in-person requests.

Access is generally provided by ordering certified vital records from the state, and by requesting court or recorded documents through the county clerk or circuit court during business hours. Privacy restrictions apply to vital records (particularly recent birth records) and to adoption-related files, which are not treated as open public records.

Marriage & Divorce Records

Types of records available

Marriage records (licenses and certificates)

  • Marriage licenses are issued at the county level and document authorization to marry.
  • Marriage certificates/returns (the completed license returned after the ceremony) document that the marriage was solemnized and are typically recorded by the county recording office.

Divorce records (judgments/decrees and case files)

  • Divorce judgments/decrees are court records issued as part of a dissolution of marriage case and reflect the final legal termination of the marriage.
  • Divorce case files may include petitions/complaints, summons, motions, stipulated agreements, parenting plans, support worksheets, and related orders.

Annulment records

  • Annulments are handled through the court system as cases to declare a marriage void or voidable. Final outcomes are recorded in judgments/orders and associated case files.

Where records are filed and how they can be accessed

Gilliam County marriage records (county filings)

  • Filed/recorded with: the Gilliam County Clerk (county clerk/recorder functions commonly include marriage licensing and recording of the completed marriage record).
  • Access methods: requests are typically handled through the county clerk’s office for certified copies and record searches, subject to the office’s procedures and fees.
  • State-level copies: Oregon maintains statewide vital records. Marriage records are also held by Oregon Health Authority (OHA), Center for Health Statistics (state vital records).
    Link: Oregon Vital Records (OHA)

Gilliam County divorce and annulment records (court filings)

  • Filed with: the Gilliam County Circuit Court (Oregon Judicial Department), which is the court of record for divorce (dissolution) and annulment proceedings.
  • Access methods: copies and viewing are generally obtained from the circuit court clerk/records section. Many Oregon courts provide register-of-actions (case docket) access and may provide copies by request, subject to court rules and fees.
    Link: Gilliam County Circuit Court (OJD)
    Link: OJD records and online services

Typical information included in these records

Marriage licenses/certificates

Commonly recorded fields include:

  • Full names of both parties (and sometimes prior name information)
  • Date and place of marriage (ceremony location and/or county)
  • Date license issued and license number/file number
  • Officiant name/title and signature
  • Witness information (where required by the form used)
  • Ages or dates of birth; birthplaces and residences (varies by form and time period)
  • Signature attestations and recording information (recording date, book/page or instrument number)

Divorce decrees/judgments and case files

Commonly include:

  • Court name, case number, and filing date
  • Names of parties and date of judgment
  • Terms of dissolution, such as:
    • Property and debt division
    • Spousal support provisions
    • Child custody/parenting time determinations
    • Child support and medical support orders
    • Name change orders (when granted)
  • Related findings, notices, and compliance provisions as required by Oregon law and court rules

Annulment judgments/orders and case files

Commonly include:

  • Court name, case number, and filing/judgment dates
  • Names of parties
  • The court’s disposition (marriage declared void/voidable as adjudicated)
  • Associated orders addressing property, support, custody/parenting time, and name changes where applicable

Privacy or legal restrictions

Marriage records

  • Generally public record: Recorded marriage documents held by the county clerk/recorder are commonly treated as public records, with access subject to Oregon public records law and local office practices.
  • Certified copies: Issuance of certified vital records by the state (OHA) is governed by Oregon vital records statutes and administrative rules, including identity and eligibility requirements for certified copies.

Divorce and annulment court records

  • Generally public record with exceptions: Oregon trial court case records are generally accessible, but specific documents or information may be confidential, sealed, or restricted by statute, court rule, or court order.
  • Protected information: Personal identifiers and certain sensitive information (for example, Social Security numbers, some financial account details, and protected addresses in qualifying circumstances) may be redacted or restricted. Some family-law-related filings can have limited access depending on content and applicable protections.
  • Sealing/restriction by order: Courts may seal or limit access to particular documents or exhibits in a case under applicable standards.

Practical access limitations

  • Older records may be archived or stored off-site, and access may depend on retention schedules, archival practices, and the format of the record (paper, microfilm, or digital).

Education, Employment and Housing

Gilliam County is a sparsely populated county in north-central Oregon along the Columbia River, with its county seat in Condon and additional community activity centered in Arlington. It is predominantly rural and agricultural, with small-town services, long travel distances between communities, and a workforce profile shaped by farming/ranching, public services, and regional freight corridors.

Education Indicators

Public schools (number and names)

  • Primary public district: Condon School District 25J, which serves most K–12 students countywide (including Condon and surrounding areas).
    • Commonly listed school site: Condon K–12 School (single-site, combined campus model is typical for very small districts).
  • Arlington area schooling: Arlington students have historically been served through an inter-district arrangement rather than a full standalone K–12 district campus in town; the current configuration varies by agreement year and enrollment. For the most current school-site listing, use the Oregon Department of Education district and school directory (Oregon Department of Education: Schools and Districts) and the NCES public school search (NCES School Locator).

Student–teacher ratios and graduation rates

  • Student–teacher ratios: In very small rural Oregon districts like Condon, ratios commonly appear lower than state averages due to small cohort sizes and staffing requirements. A district-specific ratio is most reliably obtained from the ODE district report cards (Oregon School & District Report Cards).
  • Graduation rates: Oregon reports 4-year cohort graduation rates at the district level. Gilliam County’s small graduating classes can cause year-to-year volatility in rates and subgroup measures. The most recent official rate is published on the ODE report card for the relevant district(s) (ODE Report Cards).

Adult education levels (countywide)

  • Adult attainment levels (most recent ACS estimates): Gilliam County generally shows high high-school completion and a smaller share with bachelor’s degrees than Oregon overall, consistent with its rural labor market and industry mix. The most current county percentages for:

Notable programs (STEM, vocational, Advanced Placement)

  • Career and technical education (CTE): Rural Oregon districts commonly emphasize CTE pathways aligned with agriculture, trades, and applied sciences; availability is often delivered through shared staffing, regional partnerships, and distance learning.
  • Advanced coursework: Dual credit and Advanced Placement (AP) offerings in very small districts may be limited by staffing and cohort size, with some coursework supported via online platforms or education service district resources.
  • Program availability and participation are most consistently documented in district materials and state report-card indicators (course participation, CTE participation) on the ODE Report Cards (ODE Report Cards).
    Proxy note: A single-county program inventory is not maintained as a standalone dataset; district report cards are the best standardized proxy.

School safety measures and counseling resources

  • Oregon districts typically maintain:
    • Emergency operations plans, visitor management and controlled entry practices appropriate to campus layout
    • Mandated reporting procedures, threat assessment protocols, and safety drills consistent with state requirements
    • Student support services (school counseling and/or contracted mental health supports), often shared across roles in small districts
      The most concrete district-specific documentation appears in district policy handbooks, school board policies, and safety plan summaries, rather than in a single statewide table. Proxy note: Staffing levels for counseling and student services are often aggregated within district staffing reports and report cards.

Employment and Economic Conditions

Unemployment rate (most recent)

  • The most recent official county unemployment rate is produced monthly and annually by the Oregon Employment Department and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics LAUS program. Gilliam County’s unemployment rate tends to be volatile because of small labor force size and seasonal effects.
  • Current series and annual averages are available through the Oregon Employment Department county data tools (Oregon Employment Department: QualityInfo) and the BLS LAUS database (BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics).
    Proxy note: Without embedding a specific month/year value here, these are the authoritative sources for the “most recent year available” for Gilliam County.

Major industries and employment sectors

  • Agriculture and related services: wheat and other dryland crops, ranching, and farm support services are central.
  • Transportation and warehousing: shaped by Columbia River and regional trucking corridors (including I‑84 access in the Arlington area).
  • Public administration and education: county government, schools, and public safety are significant employers in small counties.
  • Construction and utilities: smaller but important, often tied to infrastructure maintenance and development cycles.
    Industry composition by employment and wages is reported in QCEW/industry employment tables on QualityInfo.

Common occupations and workforce breakdown

  • Occupations commonly represented in rural eastern/north-central Oregon counties include:
    • Farming, fishing, and forestry
    • Transportation and material moving
    • Office and administrative support
    • Management
    • Construction and maintenance
    • Education, healthcare support, and protective services (often small headcounts but essential services)
      County occupational employment profiles and wages are available through QualityInfo.
      Proxy note: Gilliam County occupational estimates may be suppressed in some detailed tables due to confidentiality thresholds; regional occupational profiles are a typical proxy in those cases.

Commuting patterns and mean commute times

  • Commuting is vehicle-dominant (limited fixed-route transit; long distances between towns and job sites).
  • Mean commute times and mode share (drive alone, carpool, work from home) are published in ACS commuting tables and summarized in QuickFacts and detailed ACS profiles.
    Proxy note: In small counties, year-to-year changes in mean commute time can reflect small sample variation.

Local employment vs. out-of-county work

  • Gilliam County residents commonly work both locally and in adjacent counties, especially for specialized services, healthcare, education roles, construction projects, and freight/logistics positions along regional corridors.
  • The most standardized measure is the Census “commuting flows” (residence-to-work) available via OnTheMap (U.S. Census OnTheMap (LEHD)), which reports:
    • Share living and working in-county
    • Share commuting out-of-county
    • Inflow of workers from other counties
      Proxy note: LEHD is generally the best public dataset for local-vs-out commuting shares at county scale.

Housing and Real Estate

Homeownership rate and rental share

  • Homeownership and renter shares for Gilliam County are reported by the ACS and summarized in QuickFacts. Rural counties in this region commonly show higher homeownership than statewide averages, with rentals concentrated in town centers (Condon, Arlington) and near employment nodes.

Median property values and recent trends

  • Median owner-occupied home value (ACS) is published in QuickFacts.
  • Recent trend context (proxy): Gilliam County values typically follow broader Oregon rural market movements—rising during 2020–2022, with more modest changes afterward—while exhibiting higher volatility due to low sales volume.

Typical rent prices

  • Median gross rent is available from ACS via QuickFacts. Rental markets are small; advertised rents can vary substantially by unit condition, availability, and seasonality.

Types of housing

  • Single-family detached homes dominate in Condon and Arlington and across rural parcels.
  • Manufactured homes and smaller multifamily buildings (duplexes/small apartment structures) appear in town cores.
  • Rural lots and working lands (farm/ranch properties) represent a distinctive share of the county’s land and housing context, with housing often tied to agricultural operations.

Neighborhood characteristics (proximity to schools/amenities)

  • Condon: A compact town pattern where housing is generally within short driving distance of the K–12 campus and core civic services (county offices, library, basic retail/services).
  • Arlington: Housing clusters near river and highway access, with services oriented to travel corridors and regional connectivity.
  • Outside town limits, residences are dispersed and amenity access is distance-dependent, with schools, healthcare, and groceries typically requiring longer drives.

Property tax overview (rate and typical cost)

  • Oregon property taxes are levied primarily by local taxing districts and are constrained by constitutional limits (Measure 5) and assessed value growth rules (Measure 50).
  • Gilliam County effective property tax burden is most consistently summarized using:
    • County assessor/Department of Revenue property tax statistics and
    • ACS median real estate taxes paid (household-reported) available through Census profiles and QuickFacts.
      Proxy note: A single “average tax rate” is not uniform across the county due to differing tax codes and district boundaries; median taxes paid and effective-rate estimates are the most comparable measures across geographies.